Tilapia is a tropical fish with the advantages of wide adaptability, strong fertility, mixed feeding, less disease, strong disease resistance, easy access to feed, high feed utilization rate, fast growth, and meaty flavor, etc. A variety of water surfaces have been cultivated and have now become a widely cultivated freshwater fish species. In particular, Ao tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Nile tilapia) has been welcomed by farmers because of its high male rate, high feed utilization rate, rapid population growth and high yield. Maoming City, Guangdong Province made full use of the advantages of local location and natural conditions to vigorously develop the aureus aquaculture industry and achieved remarkable results. Tilapia cultivation has a certain scale in Maoming City. In 2002, tilapia monoculture and polyculture area reached 380,000 mu, with a production volume of 101,205 tons, an increase of 12.64% from the amount of 89,845 tons in 2001, accounting for the same type of production in the province. 34.1% of the tilapia aquaculture production ranks first in the province's production of the same species. Based on current pond culture techniques, aquaculture experience, and reference to the relevant A. tilapia technical data, operational procedures for the high-yield aquaculture of A. tilapia ponds have been developed.
Pond conditions
1, the area, depth of pond area of ​​5-25 acres is appropriate, with 10-15 acres is the best. The depth of fish ponds is 1.0-1.8 meters, and the depth of commercial fish ponds is 2.5-3.0 meters; the height of pool ponds is 35-55 centimeters above the water surface.
2. The shape of the fish pond is rectangular and the east-west direction is the best, which is conducive to ventilation and sunshine. The aspect ratio of the fish pond is 1.5-3.0:1.
3. The bottom of the pond bottom should be flat, easy to pull net operation, loam or sandy loam soil, silt bottom control within 14-20 cm, the pond water retention is good, no water leakage.
4. The source of water is surface water, and the water source conditions for pond fish farming should consider the following factors:
(1) The water quality must meet the requirements of the fishery water quality standard GB11607-89; (2) The water quantity must be able to meet the needs of fishery production, especially in the May-November period of the main season of fishery production. There is sufficient water to enter the pond for pond water injection, Change the water, in the production season, the water exchange volume generally requires a change of 10%-20% at a time; (3) Each pond has its own relatively independent intake and drainage system; (4) The pool water transparency is about 30cm.
5. The electric power and supporting power of the fishing machine are guaranteed. The power supply of the commercial fish pond is required to reach 1 kilowatt/mu. When the conditions permit, the diesel generator with sufficient power is required as the self-contained power supply. Each pond is equipped with 3kW impeller type or waterwheel type aerator 1-3 sets depending on the area size and stocking capacity. Smaller, shallower fingerling pools can be equipped with 1-3kW water jet aerators. . For ponds using hard pellet feed, each pond can be equipped with 1-2 automatic feeders. It is not possible to drain water by gravity, and it is equipped with sufficient injection and drainage equipment.
Prepare for stocking
1. The ponds need to be well-dressed to trim the ponds, bottoms, drains, and drainage systems to avoid water leakage.
2. Sludge is removed once a year to ensure that the sludge thickness is controlled at 14-20 cm.
3, pond clear pond disinfection
(1) Dry clear pond. After clear ponds are trimmed, ponds are left with only 8-12 cm deep water. Use 4-5 kg ​​of tea bran or 50-80 kg of quick lime to clear the pond. After 3 days of exposure, return water. Water is filtered through a 40-60 mesh filter to remove impurities. (2) Clear pond with water. Bleach contains about 30% of available chlorine, bleached 13.5 kg per mu water depth of 1 meter, that is, 20 grams of water per cubic meter of water, so that the water into a concentration of 20ppm, or use quicklime 100-150 kg.
4, Shiji fertilizer pond backwater, per acre application of organic livestock manure 250 kilograms to cultivate water quality, organic livestock manure to go through fermentation maturity and disinfection with 1%-2% lime, fertilization 7 days after the species.
Fish source, quality and specification requirements
1. Selection of source of fish stocks Stocking species must be approved by the business department and have a production license for production of aquatic seedlings.
2. Reproductive fish species require that the species to be stocked is pure and neat in specifications (the individual difference in weight is within 10%), and the body is robust and free from injury and illness. All male tilapia species mainly selected hybrid F1 (Olympian) of pure Oreochromis niloticus and pure Nile tilapia, 92% of F1 generation of Uigurine and male of Taiwan, and arrested. More than 85% and faster growth of other hybrid F1 tilapia.
Fry cultivation
1. Breeding ponds The cultivation pond covers an area of ​​2-3 mu, with a water depth of 1.5 meters or more, sufficient water supply, and convenient drainage and drainage. Before transplanting seedlings, they were thoroughly cleaned and sterilized and exposed for 3-5 days.
2. Water is poured into fresh water 7-8 days before seedlings are released. Irrigation must be filtered through 40-60 mesh to remove impurities. The water depth is 80 cm, after the investment (organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer or green manure, etc.) is released, and the fish species are released after the plankton blooms. Ten days after stocking, the water depth increased to 1.5 meters.
3. When the temperature is released, the temperature difference between the transport fry water temperature and the cultivation pond water temperature should not exceed plus or minus 2°C. The incubation water temperature is maintained above 22°C.
4, put the seedling density per acre to put the same batch of fry 8-100000, once enough.
5. The first 3 days after the cultivation and management of the fish seedlings are mainly used to feed the live blood of the livestock and poultry or cooked soybean powder; after 17 days, the powders such as cooked soybean powder, rice bran, yellow powder, and low flour are fed.
6, fish out of stock
(1) The fry is cultivated after 20 days, generally grows to 3-5 cm. (2) Out of stock. Stop feeding the day before leaving the pond. The nets are required to be smooth and detailed. It is advisable to open the net at 9:00 a.m. on sunny days to avoid opening the net under the hot sun. The operation is brisk, "do not hang water", that is, points that pass the pond.
Fish breeding
1. The cultivating pool is disinfected with the fry pond before putting the seed into the pond. Water injection with 40-60 mesh filter to remove impurities. Each mu of pig manure or other livestock manure 250 kilograms of fertilizer water, organic livestock manure to go through fermentation maturity, and use 1%-2% lime disinfection, water quality fertilizer cool, transparency about 25 cm, 7 days after the release of seedlings. Develop a water depth of 1.5 meters or more.
2. Stocking Density 0.8-1.5 million fry for 3 cm or 5 cm fry for the same specification per mu.
3. After feeding and releasing, feed 32% of crude protein-containing pellet feed, with a particle size of 1.5-2 meters. Feed twice a day, 8-9 am, 5-6 pm, the daily feed is 7%-8% of the fish's body weight.
4, bred by 20 days of cultivation, grow into a species, the length of the general length of 10-11 cm, body weight 25-50 grams, can be divided into pond culture.
5, fish fingerlings disinfected fish body disinfection of drugs and methods are mainly the following:
(1) Salt: Concentration 2%-4%, dip for 5-10 minutes. (2) Bleach: The concentration of 10ppm-20ppm, soaked for about 10 minutes. (3) Penicillin: 80,000 units/50 litres, soaked in water for 5-10 minutes.
6, out of the pool out of the pool to stop feeding the day before. 12 mesh smooth and fine nets and cages were used for rounding and sorting. They were opened and sorted at 9:00 a.m. on sunny days. Avoid operations under the hot sun. Sorting is carried out using bamboo sieves, which are divided into stockings of different specifications.
Pond adult culture
1. After the Shiji Fei pond is filled with water, 250 kg of organic manure and manure is applied to cultivate the water quality. Organic manure manure should be fermented and decomposed and sterilized with 1%-2% lime.
2, stocking density using high-density feeding. Each tilapia fingerling was prepared with 800-1500 tails, once at the same time. At the same time, 35 tail fishes were reared at 4-5 inches per acre, 40 fishes were reared, and 15 tails were reared with 15 tails.
3, feeding and management
(1) Feeding. Full price with hard pellet feed, feed protein content of not less than 28%. The processing quality standards for hard pellet feeds: a Hard pellet feed powder containing less than 3%. Hard pellets have a particle diameter of 20% of the effective diameter of the fish and a ratio of diameter to length of 1:1.5-2.0. b The feed requires no deterioration, good physical properties, and stable nutrient content. c The uniformity of feed processing and the granularity of feed ingredients meet the quality requirements for aquafeed processing. d Hard pellet feed has good stability and palatability. Tilapia prefers softer feeds.
(2) Feeding amount. According to the weather, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and water quality, timing and quantitative feeding. Feed twice daily, 8-9 am, 5-6 pm, feed pelleted feed, artificial feeding should be set in the pond to feed, the daily feed amount according to the daily growth rate of the day of deposit (reference The value of 1.2%) of the feed coefficient (taken the empirical value of 1.7), the next day the amount of feed fed by the day before the amount of 1.012, and so on.
(3) feeding method. Feeding machine feeding can save 6-8% of feed compared with manual feeding, and the fish body feeds evenly and the fish body size is even. Therefore, the promotion of feed machine feed hard pellet feed. Each pond is equipped with at least 1 feeder.
4. Water Quality Management Water quality management is one of the key technologies to achieve high yield in pond culture and implement healthy breeding. The main adjustment measures are as follows:
(1) Water quality is kept live, cool and tender. Through the application of fertilizers, drainage water control, and the use of quicklime to adjust water quality, the water clarity is 25-35 cm.
(2) The pH is maintained at 7-80. Water quality can be adjusted using quicklime, organic fertilizer, chlorine preparations, etc. Using quicklime to control the pH of the pool water is very effective in the case of ponds in Maoming City that are mostly acidic. The lime aqueous solution is splashed once per month per mu, which is 7.5-15 kilograms per mu per time.
(3) Dissolved oxygen is above 3 mg/l for 24 hours and no less than 5 mg/l for 16 hours. The main technical measures are: through fertilizing water quality, controlling the suitable fertilizer for pool water, using biological oxygen, regularly injecting new water to supplement the water-soluble oxygen in the pool, preventing water quality from over-fertilizing, removing silt, etc. so as to reduce the consumption of dissolved oxygen by the oxygen-consuming factor.
(4) Aerators: 0.3 MW per mu, equipped with impeller type aerator. Under normal circumstances, start twice a day, from 12 noon to 2 noon, and from 2 to 4 in the morning.
(5) Prevent the occurrence of "old water" and "turning water" phenomena. Mainly take the following measures: First, add new water in a timely manner or open aerators to increase oxygen, prevent water quality from deterioration; second, sprinkling lime, the amount of 25 kilograms of mu, pulp and splash, add new water to the original water level; old water The adjustment can be done using copper sulphate for 2-3 days before adjusting with lime.
5, develop into the pool
(1) The individual fish grows to the tail weight and can be sold out of the product fish. (2) Feeding was stopped the day before the sale. (3) How much to sell, how much to round up, and to avoid overfishing damage to the fish when it is sold.
Fish Disease Prevention
Tilapia is susceptible to parasite or bacterial gill disease, ulcers and frostbite in pool water at low temperature. To prevent drastic changes in water temperature, oral administration of sulfa agents to prevent the use of antibiotics; high temperature pool culture will have ascites disease (blood distention disease), red fins desquamation. Lime 15ppm splash, oral antibiotic prophylaxis.
Pond conditions
1, the area, depth of pond area of ​​5-25 acres is appropriate, with 10-15 acres is the best. The depth of fish ponds is 1.0-1.8 meters, and the depth of commercial fish ponds is 2.5-3.0 meters; the height of pool ponds is 35-55 centimeters above the water surface.
2. The shape of the fish pond is rectangular and the east-west direction is the best, which is conducive to ventilation and sunshine. The aspect ratio of the fish pond is 1.5-3.0:1.
3. The bottom of the pond bottom should be flat, easy to pull net operation, loam or sandy loam soil, silt bottom control within 14-20 cm, the pond water retention is good, no water leakage.
4. The source of water is surface water, and the water source conditions for pond fish farming should consider the following factors:
(1) The water quality must meet the requirements of the fishery water quality standard GB11607-89; (2) The water quantity must be able to meet the needs of fishery production, especially in the May-November period of the main season of fishery production. There is sufficient water to enter the pond for pond water injection, Change the water, in the production season, the water exchange volume generally requires a change of 10%-20% at a time; (3) Each pond has its own relatively independent intake and drainage system; (4) The pool water transparency is about 30cm.
5. The electric power and supporting power of the fishing machine are guaranteed. The power supply of the commercial fish pond is required to reach 1 kilowatt/mu. When the conditions permit, the diesel generator with sufficient power is required as the self-contained power supply. Each pond is equipped with 3kW impeller type or waterwheel type aerator 1-3 sets depending on the area size and stocking capacity. Smaller, shallower fingerling pools can be equipped with 1-3kW water jet aerators. . For ponds using hard pellet feed, each pond can be equipped with 1-2 automatic feeders. It is not possible to drain water by gravity, and it is equipped with sufficient injection and drainage equipment.
Prepare for stocking
1. The ponds need to be well-dressed to trim the ponds, bottoms, drains, and drainage systems to avoid water leakage.
2. Sludge is removed once a year to ensure that the sludge thickness is controlled at 14-20 cm.
3, pond clear pond disinfection
(1) Dry clear pond. After clear ponds are trimmed, ponds are left with only 8-12 cm deep water. Use 4-5 kg ​​of tea bran or 50-80 kg of quick lime to clear the pond. After 3 days of exposure, return water. Water is filtered through a 40-60 mesh filter to remove impurities. (2) Clear pond with water. Bleach contains about 30% of available chlorine, bleached 13.5 kg per mu water depth of 1 meter, that is, 20 grams of water per cubic meter of water, so that the water into a concentration of 20ppm, or use quicklime 100-150 kg.
4, Shiji fertilizer pond backwater, per acre application of organic livestock manure 250 kilograms to cultivate water quality, organic livestock manure to go through fermentation maturity and disinfection with 1%-2% lime, fertilization 7 days after the species.
Fish source, quality and specification requirements
1. Selection of source of fish stocks Stocking species must be approved by the business department and have a production license for production of aquatic seedlings.
2. Reproductive fish species require that the species to be stocked is pure and neat in specifications (the individual difference in weight is within 10%), and the body is robust and free from injury and illness. All male tilapia species mainly selected hybrid F1 (Olympian) of pure Oreochromis niloticus and pure Nile tilapia, 92% of F1 generation of Uigurine and male of Taiwan, and arrested. More than 85% and faster growth of other hybrid F1 tilapia.
Fry cultivation
1. Breeding ponds The cultivation pond covers an area of ​​2-3 mu, with a water depth of 1.5 meters or more, sufficient water supply, and convenient drainage and drainage. Before transplanting seedlings, they were thoroughly cleaned and sterilized and exposed for 3-5 days.
2. Water is poured into fresh water 7-8 days before seedlings are released. Irrigation must be filtered through 40-60 mesh to remove impurities. The water depth is 80 cm, after the investment (organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer or green manure, etc.) is released, and the fish species are released after the plankton blooms. Ten days after stocking, the water depth increased to 1.5 meters.
3. When the temperature is released, the temperature difference between the transport fry water temperature and the cultivation pond water temperature should not exceed plus or minus 2°C. The incubation water temperature is maintained above 22°C.
4, put the seedling density per acre to put the same batch of fry 8-100000, once enough.
5. The first 3 days after the cultivation and management of the fish seedlings are mainly used to feed the live blood of the livestock and poultry or cooked soybean powder; after 17 days, the powders such as cooked soybean powder, rice bran, yellow powder, and low flour are fed.
6, fish out of stock
(1) The fry is cultivated after 20 days, generally grows to 3-5 cm. (2) Out of stock. Stop feeding the day before leaving the pond. The nets are required to be smooth and detailed. It is advisable to open the net at 9:00 a.m. on sunny days to avoid opening the net under the hot sun. The operation is brisk, "do not hang water", that is, points that pass the pond.
Fish breeding
1. The cultivating pool is disinfected with the fry pond before putting the seed into the pond. Water injection with 40-60 mesh filter to remove impurities. Each mu of pig manure or other livestock manure 250 kilograms of fertilizer water, organic livestock manure to go through fermentation maturity, and use 1%-2% lime disinfection, water quality fertilizer cool, transparency about 25 cm, 7 days after the release of seedlings. Develop a water depth of 1.5 meters or more.
2. Stocking Density 0.8-1.5 million fry for 3 cm or 5 cm fry for the same specification per mu.
3. After feeding and releasing, feed 32% of crude protein-containing pellet feed, with a particle size of 1.5-2 meters. Feed twice a day, 8-9 am, 5-6 pm, the daily feed is 7%-8% of the fish's body weight.
4, bred by 20 days of cultivation, grow into a species, the length of the general length of 10-11 cm, body weight 25-50 grams, can be divided into pond culture.
5, fish fingerlings disinfected fish body disinfection of drugs and methods are mainly the following:
(1) Salt: Concentration 2%-4%, dip for 5-10 minutes. (2) Bleach: The concentration of 10ppm-20ppm, soaked for about 10 minutes. (3) Penicillin: 80,000 units/50 litres, soaked in water for 5-10 minutes.
6, out of the pool out of the pool to stop feeding the day before. 12 mesh smooth and fine nets and cages were used for rounding and sorting. They were opened and sorted at 9:00 a.m. on sunny days. Avoid operations under the hot sun. Sorting is carried out using bamboo sieves, which are divided into stockings of different specifications.
Pond adult culture
1. After the Shiji Fei pond is filled with water, 250 kg of organic manure and manure is applied to cultivate the water quality. Organic manure manure should be fermented and decomposed and sterilized with 1%-2% lime.
2, stocking density using high-density feeding. Each tilapia fingerling was prepared with 800-1500 tails, once at the same time. At the same time, 35 tail fishes were reared at 4-5 inches per acre, 40 fishes were reared, and 15 tails were reared with 15 tails.
3, feeding and management
(1) Feeding. Full price with hard pellet feed, feed protein content of not less than 28%. The processing quality standards for hard pellet feeds: a Hard pellet feed powder containing less than 3%. Hard pellets have a particle diameter of 20% of the effective diameter of the fish and a ratio of diameter to length of 1:1.5-2.0. b The feed requires no deterioration, good physical properties, and stable nutrient content. c The uniformity of feed processing and the granularity of feed ingredients meet the quality requirements for aquafeed processing. d Hard pellet feed has good stability and palatability. Tilapia prefers softer feeds.
(2) Feeding amount. According to the weather, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and water quality, timing and quantitative feeding. Feed twice daily, 8-9 am, 5-6 pm, feed pelleted feed, artificial feeding should be set in the pond to feed, the daily feed amount according to the daily growth rate of the day of deposit (reference The value of 1.2%) of the feed coefficient (taken the empirical value of 1.7), the next day the amount of feed fed by the day before the amount of 1.012, and so on.
(3) feeding method. Feeding machine feeding can save 6-8% of feed compared with manual feeding, and the fish body feeds evenly and the fish body size is even. Therefore, the promotion of feed machine feed hard pellet feed. Each pond is equipped with at least 1 feeder.
4. Water Quality Management Water quality management is one of the key technologies to achieve high yield in pond culture and implement healthy breeding. The main adjustment measures are as follows:
(1) Water quality is kept live, cool and tender. Through the application of fertilizers, drainage water control, and the use of quicklime to adjust water quality, the water clarity is 25-35 cm.
(2) The pH is maintained at 7-80. Water quality can be adjusted using quicklime, organic fertilizer, chlorine preparations, etc. Using quicklime to control the pH of the pool water is very effective in the case of ponds in Maoming City that are mostly acidic. The lime aqueous solution is splashed once per month per mu, which is 7.5-15 kilograms per mu per time.
(3) Dissolved oxygen is above 3 mg/l for 24 hours and no less than 5 mg/l for 16 hours. The main technical measures are: through fertilizing water quality, controlling the suitable fertilizer for pool water, using biological oxygen, regularly injecting new water to supplement the water-soluble oxygen in the pool, preventing water quality from over-fertilizing, removing silt, etc. so as to reduce the consumption of dissolved oxygen by the oxygen-consuming factor.
(4) Aerators: 0.3 MW per mu, equipped with impeller type aerator. Under normal circumstances, start twice a day, from 12 noon to 2 noon, and from 2 to 4 in the morning.
(5) Prevent the occurrence of "old water" and "turning water" phenomena. Mainly take the following measures: First, add new water in a timely manner or open aerators to increase oxygen, prevent water quality from deterioration; second, sprinkling lime, the amount of 25 kilograms of mu, pulp and splash, add new water to the original water level; old water The adjustment can be done using copper sulphate for 2-3 days before adjusting with lime.
5, develop into the pool
(1) The individual fish grows to the tail weight and can be sold out of the product fish. (2) Feeding was stopped the day before the sale. (3) How much to sell, how much to round up, and to avoid overfishing damage to the fish when it is sold.
Fish Disease Prevention
Tilapia is susceptible to parasite or bacterial gill disease, ulcers and frostbite in pool water at low temperature. To prevent drastic changes in water temperature, oral administration of sulfa agents to prevent the use of antibiotics; high temperature pool culture will have ascites disease (blood distention disease), red fins desquamation. Lime 15ppm splash, oral antibiotic prophylaxis.
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