1. Kinds of kumquat 1, kumquat (including flame, gold, honey, embroidered, kumquat, gold shell, golden date, etc.). It also cultivated kumquats. A spice of the genus, a barbed, evergreen shrub. The height of the tree is more than 1 meter and the maximum height is 4 meters. The crown is about 2 meters in diameter. Branches are garden-shaped, slightly angular, with a pitch of about 1 cm at a pitch of 9 knots. The spines grow 3.2-3.8 centimeters in length and are pointed, yellow, and full of leaves. The leaves are alternate, and they are very close. The new leaf tip is slightly blunt-saw, with short petiole and narrow wings. The flowers are white, 5 petals, and the pods are narrow. The flowering period is 6 诙┠9 months. The first flowering is before and after the awning species: the second flowering summer solstice to the small full: the third flowering in the small department and the agency; the fourth and fifth flowering in Liqiu Before and after. It did not end flowering until after the osmanthus fruit. Orange fruit generally matures in mid-October and enters harvesting. The fruit has an elliptical shape and a garden shape, with a fruit diameter of 2.49-3.2 cm and a fruit height (length) of 2.73-3.35 cm. The central hypertrophy of the fruit is gradually reduced at both ends. The top of the fruit is smooth and the ends of the fruit are slightly concave. The groove is slightly small. When the column point is quite small, when the skin is ripe, the fruit is yellowish green or golden yellow, and the fruit section has aroma. Pericarp thickness 4 to 5 mm. The oil bubbles are light orange. Skin meat is difficult to separate juicy, sweet and sour. Each fruit contains 5-8 seeds, and each fruit produces 8-10 kg. Seedlings are seedlings, and flowering results begin in 5 to 6 years. They can be harvested for 40 to 50 years and long for 100 years. Grafting seedlings, 3 to 5 years to begin flowering results, than seedlings, early fruiting. Earlier income. Pressed seedlings are basically similar to grafted seedlings. 2, smooth skin kumquat: is a new development of fine varieties. The slippery kumquat stands upright, the tree height is 1.5-2 meters, the diameter of the rice is 40 centimeters dry, and the main trunk is 1.8 meters high. It is smooth and thornless, gray-brown, and the nutrient branches are soft and slightly slender and smooth. The impeller is elliptically lanceolate, 6.3-6.5 cm long, 2-3.1 cm wide, and petiole length 1.1 cm. The leaves are green, the tip is blunt, the leaves roll like a boat, and the tail 1/3 is undulating. The leaves are dark green, the back of the leaves is light green, the main veins are prominent, and the lateral veins are prominent. Flowers white, 3-6 petals, mostly 5-merous, spatulate, 1.12 cm long, 0.42 cm wide, apex oil crisp and indistinct and smooth. The pedicel is 0.53 cm long and the petals are reversed outwards when open. The flowering period is 3-5 days earlier than ordinary kumquats and 3-4 times from June to August. The fruit resembles a spherical or elliptical shape, and the peel oil is crisp and thin. The single fruit is large and heavy, 23.6 grams of which are larger, and the meat is dense, yellow-white, soluble solids more than 20%, sweet and brittle fruit, no acid and spicy. The epidermis is thin and tough, resistant to storage than regular kumquats, and matures from November to January. 2. Growth and development habits of kumquat and requirements for environmental conditions 1. Growth habits: Kumquat Tree is a neutral tree species. Seedling and young forest period neutral shade, after the forest became neutral to the sun, like the warm and humid climate, hi fat, afraid of cockroaches, avoid drought, light is too strong, exposure to prone to sunburn disease. In mountainous areas, it is better to choose northward, northeast or southeast direction, and adapt to a wide range of soil pH, and the most acidic soil with 5.5-6.5 is most suitable. Strong cold resistance. Fast growing. Two-year seedlings are as high as 60-70 centimeters. Pumping slightly: Spring slightly from late April to early May, drawing time, the time is 25-28 days; summer slightly in late June, slightly, in mid-July stop slightly, time is 25 days - 28 days. The autumn is slightly lighter in mid-August and stops slightly in mid-to-late September for 30 days. Flowering period: first time spent in the middle or late June; second time spent in the middle or late July; third time spent in the middle or late August; fourth time spent in the early September to October; It takes about 150-170 days. 2, growing soil environment: kumquat suitable for planting in the mountains. The hills, low mountains, and Zhongshan areas with elevations of 200 to 500 meters are preferred, especially in river valleys, because these areas are surrounded by hills and mountains, blocking the invasion of cold currents) and can prevent low temperatures and wind damage. Kumquat tree is a mycorrhizal plant, root growth has good gas, good fat, good wet characteristics, therefore, the planting of orange forest land, should have strong water storage and fertility, high natural fertility, deeper black soil layer Sand or yellow sandy soil is good to promote the growth and development of the mycorrhiza. 3, kumquat growth required weather conditions: 1 temperature, orange forest requires a mild climate, the average annual temperature of 19 °C. The hottest month in July, the average monthly temperature of 27.9 °C; the coldest month, the average monthly temperature of 8.5 °C. In the past 30 years, the extreme maximum temperature of the county was 38.6°C (January 1971) and the extreme minimum temperature was minus 5.5°C (January 1963). The average frost-free period is 290 days. None of the kumquat forests was found to be affected by high temperature freezing. 2 Rainfall, the average annual rainfall is 1942.5%. The rainfall in June accounts for nearly 20% of the annual rainfall. In December or January, the rainfall only accounts for 2.5% to 2.6% of the annual rainfall, and no shortage of rainfall is found. The phenomenon. 3 Humidity, air humidity too, orange fruit moisture, delicate leather. On the contrary, if the air is too dry, the oranges and fruits will be stunted, resulting in a small skin and pale flesh. When the quality is low, the humidity is more than 80%. For 4 hours of sunshine, the total number of hours of sunshine in the whole year was 1416.3 hours, accounting for 32% of the local hours. Summer and autumn sunshine hours are more, winter and spring sunshine hours are less, summer is 502.2 hours, autumn is 47.4 hours, winter is 214.3 hours) and spring is 228.4 hours. Kumquat high yield and quality in spring and autumn sunshine, summer direct sunlight is not too strong as well. 3. Cultivation of kumquat 1. Sowing and seedling selection 1. Seed selection and seed treatment First, select good single plant fruits, process and extrude seeds, and put them into clean water to wash the mucilage in time to remove insufficient seeds and leave plump seeds. Dry seeds can be sown. If sown at the time, 3 to 4 servings of fine sand can be used for storage. Stratified, stored at a certain temperature and dry, ventilated place, but also to prevent over-drying or excessive humidity to make the seeds lose germination. 2 The choice of nursery sites is to use the leeward shade of the valley or the hilly slope as a nursery. It is required that the soil is rich in manure, soil is loose, and sandy soil with good grain structure is better. The soil is light and thin, and the grain weight should not be used as a nursery. Also pay attention to the convenience of transportation in order to transport seedlings. In order to sort the nursery land, it is necessary to plow in winter before planting. In the following spring, plowing should be done once again. The depth should be more than one foot. The soil surface should be smashed and smashed to see if the water level situation is high or low. 3, timely planting in spring and spring in March and March is the most suitable, in November can also broadcast in winter. The sowing rate per acre is 10 to 15 kg. Seeding method, ditching in the surface. Put 15 to 20 tons of livestock waste per acre, 30 to 40 tons of fertilizer, superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 15 to 25 kg base fertilizer. Line spacing is 3 inches, and the grain spacing is 1.5 to 2 inches. Then cover it with three-point thick grass ash or fine sand. A layer of rice straw or weeds is placed on the surface of the car for water conservation and drought prevention. When the seeds are seeded with 2 to 4 true leaves, they should be planted at a distance of 53 inches. If you do not engage in prosthetics, you should relax your spacing. 4. Seedling management The seedlings must be frequently watered before they are unearthed to keep the soil moist. The topsoil of the topsoil must be loosened with bamboo sticks to facilitate seed germination and unripe seedlings. When the seedlings reach two true leaves, use 5 to 5 tens of ramification water for each mu. Apply diluted manure to the roots every half month. Be careful not to let the faeces adhere to the leaves. Before the fertilization, weeding and weeding should be done. We should also pour water in dry weather. Keep the soil loose and free of weeds, pay attention to livestock and pests. When the growth of the seedlings reaches 1.5 feet, the buds will be picked again to promote multiple shoots. All the branches with stems of more than 8 inches in length shall be cut off in order to cultivate a good tree. 5. It is better to transplant the transplants in spring in the south wind weather. Select the thick stems, strong growth, straight, roots and sound development, no pests and diseases, plant height 1.5 feet, dark green leaves of the seedlings first transplanted, and the opposite to be eliminated. Two days before raising the seedlings, we must pour water once to make the soil moist. We can't dig up the main root at the beginning and cut a third of the main root. Planting specifications 57 feet. First hit the pit 1 foot deep. When planting, first put the topsoil in the bacon and then put the new soil compaction to keep the seedlings upright. The soil is dry to set the root water. 3 After the orchard is managed, there are dead seedlings that must be planted in time. In the first year or two, we need to plant Xianggu, green manure, mungbean, taro and other dwarf crops between the rows. Orange seedlings grow. After the interplanting is stopped, it will be dug once every two years in January and February, with a depth of 5 to 6 inches. When we shovel grass once a year, we can't kill the weeds in the tree to avoid collecting bugs. The orange tree stands upright and has a strong growth potential. It is necessary to do a good job of pruning and cutting, control the erect growth too high, allow more branches, and form a lush canopy, so as to create conditions for increasing fruit production and facilitating fruit picking in the future. 2, preferred grafted kumquat grafted seedlings have the characteristics of fast results, tree dwarf branches, no thorns or less thorns, high yield and high quality. When grafting, excellent individual scions should be selected for grafting with an anvil or a kumquat anvil. 3. Weeding and fertilizing For the care of kumquat forest, weeding has been performed once a year. With the advancement of society, advances in science and technology. The practice is to restore weeds first, and then apply 55 kg of urea per mu, 86 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, 25 kg of potassium chloride, 173 kg of Tongliang, and 49 kg of lime. Continuous fertilization will last for 4 years, which will yield significant benefits. The average yield per acre of fruit is 524 kilograms, an increase of 137 kilograms compared with 303 kilograms without fertilization; it is increased to 628 kilograms, an increase of 518.2 percent in the second year; it is increased to 579 kilograms in a third year, an increase of 227.8%; it is increased to 1279 kilograms in the fourth year. , an increase of 352.5%. 4. The old tree was renewed to be thirty or forty years old. It has already grown old. Its output is extremely low, and its quality is poor. Some of them are eaten by the Tianni and the trunk is hollow. The transport organization is destroyed, causing the branches to dry up. This should be an old tree update. In April and May, in the flat ground four inches high, the main trunk of the old orange tree was sawed off, and the compound manure was applied to the five-room hall. Seeds sprouted 38 days after sawing. By September 30, about 4 months, the average bud height was 96.3 cm. Diseases and Insect Pests and Prevention and Control (I) Prevention and Control of Diseases According to the census, there are 8 diseases of kumquat, namely, split fruit disease, scab disease, anthrax, plaster disease, soot disease, lichen lichen disease, powdery mildew, and ulcer disease. Wait. There are 23 species of insect pests, namely, spider mites, ulnar spiders, brown hornbills, star hornbills, leaf leaf moths, tea bag moths, sapodilla spp., japonicas, snails, sugar worms, brown gardens, pears, and jasmine. , powdered meconium, membranous worms, papilio, sakai mediated, red wax mediated, thorn moth, yellow spider, malignant leafworm, long-headed giant green pheasant, gnat mosquito and so on. The genus Anopheles is a single-feeding pest, and orange groves are extremely harmful to ticks. This genus is dipteran, adult body length 3 to 4 mm. The wingspan 6-8mm. Light red; larvae ca. 2 mm in length, milky white, spindle-shaped or wormlike c-shaped. Its larvae are harmful to leaf buds and flower buds. The damaged orange trees can't spit out the flowers for a long time, which seriously affects the growth, development and flowering of the orange trees. In particular, adult trees are more severely affected than young trees and rushed trees than trees on the slope. Generally, the rate of damage is about 7%, and it is more than 14%. 1. Prevention and cure of ulcer disease: 1 Damage to leaves, branches and fruits, causing defoliation and fruit fall, and the leaves begin to show yellow stains and small spots. Afterwards, they gradually enlarge in a near-park shape, with both sides bulging, rough lignification, and a central crack. Finally, it was gray-brown, ulcerated, surrounded by a yellow halo, and in severe cases it caused defoliation. The ulcer bacteria spread with the wind and rain, and was most severe at 20 to 30°C and wet weather. 2 control measures: (1) rational fertilization. Prevent new leaves from growing too fast and enhance disease resistance. (2) Drug control: First, 0.25 kg of copper sulfate, 0.5 kg of lime, and 50 kg of water were blended with Bordeaux liquid spray. Second, spray 600 times with dexamethasone. Third, 600 times the use of tetromycin (that is, 12.5 kg water spray 20 ml spray). Fourth, the spray coat uses 800,000 units of streptomycin (that is, about 100 kg of water in a small bag) spray. 2, the prevention and treatment of anthrax: 1 hazard symptoms: anthrax damage leaf, branch slightly and fruit, causing severe branches when severe dry, fruit drop. Seedlings caused by this damage will cause branches and leaves to fall, in serious cases the whole plant will dry up. This disease is common in kumquat bases. 2 Prevention and control measures: (1) Strengthen cultivation and management, increase tree vigor, increase organic fertilizer and potash fertilizer, and do a good job of weeding in the orange orchard to keep wet and dry moderate. (2) Clearance, diseased leaves, diseased branches, etc. (3) 500 to 800 times with 5% Desenonium. Or quiescent 600 times spray. Spray it once every 10 days or so, and apply it twice in a row. (b) Prevention and control of pests 1. Prevention and control of Tianniu: 1 Manually capture adults. In March, the adult flies out of the spawning (Singapura catches eggs at noon and spawns, spawns eggs every evening). 2 Use iron wire to drill into the hole to remove dust, use cotton to infuse tung oil, add a little dichlorvos or trichlorfon: stuff it into the wormhole and close the hole with oil to eliminate the larvae. 3 Apply whitening agent (7.5 kg quick lime, 0.75 kg salt, 0.75 kg sulfur powder, 0.075 kg lard, and 18 kg water mixture. Apply after the March adult's fly out of the spawning. Two months, March, May and July are all good. If you find that larvae have been drilled on the trunk, then you need to remove and recoat them. The whitening agent can prevent and control lichen in addition Moss and some scale insects 2. Prevention and control of pinworms: After larvae are larvae, artificially dig worms around the trunks and kill 90% of trichlorfon 800 times or 1000 times of dichlorvos to kill the first instar larvae. 90% trichlorfon 1000 times or sprayed with deltamethrin (killed) 5000 times solution 4. Control the red spider: 1 with lime sulfur, the spring with Baume 0.3 to 0.5 degrees, winter with 0.8 to 1 2 dicofol 20% emulsion is sprayed 600 to 1000 times 3 iminophos 40% emulsion is sprayed 1000 to 1500 times 4 washing powder 150 to 200 times is used in intervals with other drugs. Mosquito: Its use is the same as the control of red spider and leaf miner.5. Processing of kumquat fruit 1. Production of kumquat salt embryo. It is 50 kilograms of kumquat and 34 kilograms of raw salt.Process flow: raw material (orange fruit) → salting → exposing and expelling → softening → re-suning → finished product. Processing method, use fresh orange or knives to cut fresh fruit one by one. 6 cracks, push out the orange kernel, pour the salt into the pool, cover it with bamboo, compact it with salt for 7-8 days, remove and sprinkle it, and then press the dried kumquat with a layer of golden straw. A layer of salt is salted again. After filling the pool (or cylinder), cover it with bamboo mats. Cover it with salt for about 30 days. Remove and dry it, then soften it and then dry it. Serve as kumquat salt. The use of salt embryo kumquat The salt embryo kumquat can be used to make the following foods: namely processed into snowflake kumquats, kumquat preserves, pearl kumquats, appetizer kumquats, kumquat kumquats, kumquat koshiko, and a variety of colors and delicious gold Canned orange products, etc. 2. Kumquat fresh fruit brewing kumquat wine 3. Fresh fruit purchase specifications According to the market transactions in 1984, divided into four levels, a fruit grade of 36 per 0.5 kg, and a secondary fruit of 0.5 kg. 40-45 pieces, 6O pieces of 0.5 kilograms of fruit and 65 pieces of more than 0.5 kilograms of fruits of grade 4. VI. Storage of kumquat fruits in order to meet market demands ,Increase economic efficiency.Now the six methods of storage and preservation of fruit are described in the following: 1.Preparation before storage and preservation: The ripeness of oranges should reach 80%, golden yellow, and it is better to pick fruits for continuous sunny days to reduce the moisture content. We must pick light, lightly, and lightly to avoid bruises.There should be no pests or diseases, and the storage room must be strictly disinfected and kept clean.Because it must be kept cool and ventilated, it must be kept at a constant temperature, especially with respect to alcohol and gas. Several kinds of preservation methods: First, the pine wool preservation method, the practice is: take the room in the upstairs room or the auxiliary wood floor as the storage room, and lay a layer of 0.8m wide nylon film on the plate as one compartment, and the length is the size of the room. Appropriately, put a layer of orange fruit on the film, cover it with a layer of short-sleeve loose hair, the thickness of the orange fruit and loose hair is 30-40 cm, and then cover with a film. Second, the preservation method of clogs. The practice is: use dried fresh hibiscus (Jianmu crickets), a fruit layer of hibiscus in bamboo baskets or on the floor. Fruit thickness 30-40 cm. Third, the sand preservation method. The practice is: use clean dry sand. A layer of fruit layer of sand, sand and fresh fruit total thickness of 30 to 40 centimeters is appropriate. Fourth, Jie Gu preservation method. The practice is: use sun dried and fresh husk husk, a layer of fruit pod husk, pod shell and fruit thickness 40-50 cm. Fifth, carton preservation. A layer of white paper is loaded into 80% of the carton space. Thickness 30-40 centimeters. Sixth, nylon bag fresh note. The practice is: Each small nylon bag is loaded with 1.5---2 kg into the storage room. The temperature at the beginning of the storage room is relatively high, so it is not appropriate to tie the bag mouth to prevent the steam from rising and rotten. However, when cold temperatures are encountered at low temperatures, the bags must be tightly packed to prevent freezing of the fruit. Above preservation method. Generally keep fresh for 1-3 months, good fruit rate of 80 to 95%.
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