Illumination hours and light intensity have an effect on sexual maturity, ovulation and egg production of commercial layer. The mechanism of action is roughly as follows: It is generally believed that birds have two photoreceptors, one is the retina receptor, the eye, and the other is in the hypothalamus. Light stimulation reaches the hypothalamus through the optic nerve of the optic nerve; in addition, light can also act on the pineal and hypothalamus directly through the skull. When the hypothalamus receives stimulation, it secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This hormone reaches the anterior pituitary through the pituitary portal system, causing the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and ovulation hormones, and promoting follicular development and ovulation. Developed follicles produce estrogen, which promotes hens' fallopian tube development and secondary sexual manifestations. Ovulation hormones cause ovulation in hens. Changes in the relative position of the Earth and the sun caused changes in the daily sunshine hours. In the northern hemisphere, June 22 (summer solstice) is the longest day in sunshine, and then the sunshine duration becomes shorter; December 22 (the winter solstice) is the shortest day of sunshine, and then the sunshine duration becomes longer. The time of sunrise and sunset is usually regarded as sunshine time. In artificial broiler production, artificial light is used to supplement the natural light, or only artificial light is used. 1 Installation of lighting installations for product hen houses LUX (Lx) is a commonly used light intensity unit. Simply put, a 40W light bulb with a reflector with a lamp height of 2m has an illuminance of 10Lx within a 4m radius around the chicken's height. Typically, 10.75 Lx of light is provided on a 1W bulb per area of ​​0.37 square meters or 2.7W on a 1 square meter area. The height of the bulb in the house is generally 2 to 2.4 meters and the lamp distance is 3 meters. If more than two rows of light bulbs are installed in the house, each row of light bulbs must be arranged crosswise to make the light distribution on the ground uniform. The distance from the light bulb to the outer edge of the house should be half the bulb spacing, ie 1.5 m. If caged, the light bulbs should be distributed so that the light can illuminate the trough, paying particular attention to the light of the lower cage, so the light bulbs are generally located in the walkway between the two rows of cages. When using multi-layer cages, the light intensity of the bottom cage should be guaranteed. The electric light sources commonly used in chicken production are incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps are more efficient than incandescent lamps, but they are expensive. It is generally believed that the effect of the two light sources on egg production performance is not significant, and both types of light sources are currently in production. Do not use a bulb with a power of more than 60W. If you use a light bulb with a large power, the light will be unevenly distributed and the power consumption will be high. Installing a lamp shade increases the light intensity by 25%. 2 Problems to be Solved in Breeding of Chicken Breeding Shortening the daily light hours during the breeding period can increase the time required for the chicken to achieve sexual maturity, and increase the number of eggs laid in the first half of the laying period, which can greatly increase the initial production weight; By shortening daily light hours day by day, sexual maturity can be delayed up to 3 weeks. Therefore, the lighting during the breeding period is very necessary. To allow chicks to quickly learn to eat and drink, three hours of continuous light was given on the first two days. The light intensity of growing chickens is generally 5 ~ 10Lx, as long as the light during the rearing period is maintained at a maximum level of 10Lx, it will not have a great impact on the chicken. However, the daily light hours have an important effect. If the daily light hours are less than 11 to 12 hours, sexual maturity and egg production will be postponed; if the light duration is longer, the chicken will mature early and begin egg production. To formulate any satisfactory lighting plan, pay attention to the 11 to 12 hours light threshold, which is the standard for establishing a lighting control plan during the breeding period. Light control during the breeding period is best carried out immediately after the brooding period. Sometimes it can start at the 3rd day of the brooding period. Lighting control must begin before the 12th week of age before maximum effect is achieved. If it is too late, the number of days for implementing light control will be reduced. 3 Problems to be Solved in the Production of Laying Hens Although tests have shown that the light intensity of 5Lx is sufficient for laying hens, there are many equipments in the shed, which reduces the light intensity, especially in caged chicken houses. Therefore, the practical light level is 10Lx. Although a daylength of 11 to 12 hours can stimulate egg production, light must reach 14 hours before maximum egg production, and most egg production plans are 1 to 2 hours longer. Studies have shown that exposure to light for 17 hours or longer inhibits egg production. The daily light hours during the laying period cannot be reduced arbitrarily. This is especially important in windowed chicken houses and open chicken houses because the natural light hours are changing. The total number of hours of light received by a layer of natural light or artificial light individually must be equal to the maximum number of hours of sunshine on the longest day of the year in which the chicken is laid. Before and after the first egg was laid in the flock, the lighting plan from the rearing period was changed to the lighting plan for the laying period. However, the age at start of the flock varies depending on the temperature, season, lighting plan, and other conditions. Generally, the light plan for laying hens is changed to 20 weeks of age. It is very important to start increasing the amount of feed about 1 week after changing the light program for the breeding period to the lighting scheme for laying eggs. If the natural illumination time is insufficient, artificial light can be used. Each season can be set to 4 to 20 o'clock in the morning as its illumination time (western regions should be pushed back 1 to 2 hours in time), that is, light turns on at 4 o'clock every morning. After the sunrise, turn off the lights. Turn the lights on until the evening of 20 and turn off the lights again. Pay attention to adjusting the clock to adapt to the changes in the sunrise and sunset times and ensure the light for 16 hours. The illumination time of the birds that are fully artificial light can also be fixed from 4 am to 20 pm. The transition from the growing period of light time to the light period of the laying period requires a gradual transition according to local conditions. 4 The artificial lighting control or supplemental lighting of the commercial layer hens is one of the indispensable major technical measures in modern chicken production. It must be highly valued and strictly implemented. The principle of light control: In general, chicks and broilers are in the growing period. This stage should be to promote the healthy growth of chicks and prevent premature mothers and young children from reaching sexual maturity. The growth period of about 8 hours a day is the best light, not more than 11 hours, in the open house can not be guaranteed when the light time can not be extended (especially after 12 weeks of age), illumination to 5 ~ 10Lx is appropriate. In order to allow the hens to start production at the right time and reach a peak, the production potential of the hens should be brought into full play. During the production period, the illumination should be 14 to 16 hours per day, and not more than 17 hours. The illumination should be 10 Lx. According to the conditions of the season and the condition of the chicken house, a corresponding lighting plan for the growing season and laying season should be established, and the lighting plan during the breeding period will largely determine the lighting plan during the laying period. 4.1 Flocks reared in closed poultry houses are completely exposed to artificial light. The light intensity and time can be controlled by humans. Therefore, it can be carried out according to the prescribed system. The most feasible method is to make the daily light intensity below the threshold (11 to 12 hours) to delay the start of production, because the threshold is for safety, and the actual daily light time can be set at 8 hours. Chicks were exposed to light for 23 to 24 hours per day at 1 week of age and 8 hours to light at 2 to 20 weeks of age. Artificial light was used to illuminate the birds. 8-week light at 20 weeks of age was prolonged by 1 hour per week and extended from 0.5 hour to 32 weeks of age and up to 16 hours after 2 weeks. If broilers are raised in closed chicken houses and go to an open-type broiler house at the time of production, if the natural light time is shorter than 12 hours, 12 hours of light should be given immediately; if the natural light time is longer than 12 hours, then weekly Add 0.5 hour until the layer's illumination time is 16 hours. 4.2 Chickens hatched in spring and summer (April-August) can be used in natural light during the late growth period when their sunshine is getting shorter or shorter. It is better to use chickens raised in open chicken houses. Spring and summer chicks are in a relatively short period of natural light at the end of their growth period. When the chickens lay their first egg, they enter the laying season. Weekly supplements can be added to light for 0.5 to 1 hour. When the chickens are 30 weeks old, the light should reach the prescribed time of the laying hens. 4.3 Autumn and winter chicks (September to March of the following year) In the later stages of growth, when the sun is getting longer or longer, brooding during this period, such as full use of natural light, usually stimulates the accelerated development of female and young sexual organs to make it premature and premature. To prevent this from happening, use artificial lighting to supplement it. There are three specific methods. (1) Limiting the illumination time with the black mask method: The black mask method is to control the natural light and install the blinds on the translucent parts of the door, window, etc. of the chicken house to completely cover the black and form a dark room. Get up or down so that natural lighting can be controlled within the required range. The lighting time is exactly the same as the closed chicken house, except that artificial light is used instead of natural light. (2) The number of hours of illumination is kept constant: the time for gradual extension of the natural light becomes a stable longer illumination time. From the date of hatching, according to the local sunrise and sunday, the number of natural days of sunlight is determined to be the longest day of the 20-week period. The number of hours of sunshine is maintained from the age of the chick until 20 weeks of age. Weeks increase by 0.5 to 1 hour, reaching 16 hours of light production. (3) The illumination time is gradually shortened: Longer sunshine hours at the age of 20 weeks of the chicks are supplemented with artificial light to make the total illumination time longer and then gradually reduced. From the day of hatching, the number of hours of illumination at 20 weeks of age is determined based on local weather data, and 5 hours of artificial light is added each day for the total number of hours of illumination (such as natural light for 15 hours, plus 5 hours in total 20 hours light time). Decreased 15 minutes per week from the fourth day of chickling, to exactly 5 hours from 20 weeks of age, 15 hours of natural light at that time, 0.5 hours per week after 21 weeks of age, reaching the light hours of the laying period 16 Hours till.
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