Is there still room for development in the cattle industry? China has 138 million heads of cattle and 6.759 million tons of beef, making it the world's fourth-largest beef producer. However, the average per capita beef production is only 4.3 kg, which is lower than the world average of 9.8 kg, which is even lower than the per capita production level of some beef-producing countries. After China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the beef cattle industry participated in international competition on a larger scale and at a deeper level. In the long run, China's beef cattle industry faces rare development opportunities and severe challenges. But opportunities are potential, and challenges are real. The key to seizing the opportunities and coping with the challenges lies in relying on the scientific and technological progress of the beef cattle industry, transforming the traditional beef cattle industry with high technology, improving the quality and efficiency of products, promoting the development of beef cattle industrialization, and comprehensively enhancing the international competitiveness of beef cattle industry. Compared with developed countries, China's beef cattle industry is still at the primary level, and there is still much room for development. In the near future, the beef cattle industry will surely play a pivotal role in the national economy just like the current dairy industry.
In international trade, the export of beef has been monopolized by developed countries. China has always been in a weak position in terms of exports, but at the same time, China’s beef exports also have advantages in terms of prices. Beef is an industry with high investment and output value. Every year, our country spends a lot of foreign exchange to purchase. We should produce high quality beef to replace imports. China has more and more contacts with the world, and there are a large number of tourists coming to China. The domestic demand for high-grade beef has increased. Therefore, we must speed up production and ensure domestic demand in terms of quality and supply. In addition, China's beef exports also have certain advantages. The first is cheap. The second is that the quality of beef product parts is very wide. Our beef produces large quantities and many varieties. Export products can be arbitrarily selected.
In recent years, the state has given preferential policies to animal husbandry, and the structural adjustment strategy has achieved remarkable results. In particular, beef cattle zone planning and policy subsidies for frozen sperm will surely promote the development of the breeding system and the rapid development of the beef industry. With the need of animal husbandry to adjust the grain-saving varieties and changes in dietary structure, beef cattle industry will become a big industry.
The problem that hampers the development of the cattle industry is the level of China's cattle production is not high, the proportion of high-quality beef is low, and the low grade of beef is still the main factor constraining the development of the beef industry. From the point of view of the world meat production structure, the proportion of beef output to total meat production has remained at around 30% for a long period of time, while China accounted for only 9.3% in 2004. The low production level of China's cattle is mainly manifested in the long growth cycle and low slaughter rate of cattle. The main reason is due to the low degree of improved beef cattle and the low level of feeding and management.
The export of beef has a small proportion in international import and export trade, and its grade is low. At present, the proportion of fresh frozen beef in China is still very small, accounting for only 1% of world trade. At the same time, due to the low grade of beef exported, the price of beef exported is less than 80% of the world average price. In the past three years, China needs to import 2,000 to 3,000 tons of high-grade beef from abroad every year.
The current status of beef cattle production in China is:
The social service system infrastructure is still weak, especially the quality of service personnel needs to be improved.
Small and medium-sized processing enterprises are poorly equipped and their processes are backward, especially the comprehensive processing capacity is poor. In some beef cattle production areas, due to the lack of mechanical processing and cold storage equipment, slaughtering still depends on the manual operation of scattered individual slaughter households, and some of the by-products that can be exploited and used are abandoned, affecting the economic benefits of raising cattle in this area.
The nationwide beef cattle market network has not yet been formed, and the market function is still not fully developed. The backward storage and transportation methods and slow information feedback still affect the economic development of beef cattle industry to some extent.
Thousands of families breeding cows and raising shelves of cattle are still the basis for beef cattle production. According to preliminary estimates, beef cattle sold by farmers accounted for more than 80% of the nation's beef cattle slaughter.
The above situation leads to the following problems to be solved:
1. China's high-quality beef cattle production without specialized meat varieties
Since the 1960s, developed countries in Europe and North America have developed many excellent meat varieties such as Charolais, Limousin, and Forford. However, no specialized meat products have been cultivated in China. Beef production mainly relies on cattle breeds such as Luxi cattle, Nanyang cattle, and Qinchuan cattle, as well as hybrids of introduced varieties, and the excellent meat breed resources are scarce.
2. Low degree of improved beef cattle At present, the improvement rate of China's yellow cattle is less than 15%, and the local fine breed beef cattle and exotic improved cattle account for only 35%, which is a big gap between the hybrid breeders of specialized breeds used in foreign beef industry production. The low degree of improved seed quality is the most fundamental factor restricting the production of high quality beef cattle in China, resulting in slow weight gain, poor beef quality, and high feeding costs. Grassroots promotion system is not perfect, there are few extension staff, poor treatment, and the quality is not high, and there are a considerable number of grassroots site professional and technical personnel are seriously insufficient, the level of breeding and other technologies needs to be improved, the new varieties, new technologies are lagging behind, necessary refrigeration facilities Serious shortages of equipment and equipment have seriously affected the improvement of livestock and poultry breeds and the promotion of fine varieties.
3. The average slaughter weight of fattened castrated bulls aged 15-18 months abroad in beef cattle production cycle is 582 kg. The calving between cows does not exceed 12 months, and there are few commercial cattle of 18 months of age in China's slaughter beef cattle, and there is no commercial cow of 6 months old. It takes 9 months and a half for a cow to go from mating to breeding. It takes another 18 to 20 months for cattle to fatten cattle and it takes 28 to 30 months to produce a beef cattle. In addition to species factors, the reasons are: the breeding system is not perfect, most farmers are pursuing cattle populations far more than the quality of the herd, leaving the mother to stay; feeding management is unscientific, most finishers use "low-precision material long cycle The method of fattening has caused a relatively long period of slaughter of beef cattle; there is a gap between feeding methods and foreign countries, and there is a large difference in feed, variety, and age during fattening, resulting in a long period of fattening and low efficiency.
4. The commodity beef cattle slaughter rate is low
In 2004, the slaughter rate of beef cattle in China was 26.7%, which was significantly different from the developed countries (36.52% in the United States and 43.74% in Europe). The average carcass weight of China's beef cattle was 147 kg, which was much lower than the average of 205 kg in the countries of the world; Meat production is only 45 kilograms, while the average developed country produces 120 kilograms of beef per head and 115 kilograms in the United States. The weight of a beef calf is 2.3 pounds.
5. Reproductive survival: The average survival rate of our country's cows is 72%. The local yellow cattle have a small body size and are often difficult to produce due to the fetus being too large. The difficult yield of hybrid burdock is higher than that of the local yellow cattle. Irregular operation of cold technicians also artificially causes a variety of infertility and prolongs the reproductive interval.
6. The mortality rate of domestic beef cattle is as high as 5%, and direct economic losses amount to RMB 900-150 billion. The infectious diseases of animals have seriously affected the serious economic losses caused by the death of the disease caused by the death of meat and its products in the international market every year. In particular, the total yak mortality rate approaching labor was 6.1%. The largest proportion (72%) of yak that died of childbirth died of childbirth, and the direct cause of yak mortality and morbidity was lack of nutrition and poor management.
7. Most domestically produced beef with poor meat quality is medium and low-grade beef, and high-quality beef is rare, causing the export price of beef to be less than 80% of the world average. Domestic large hotels, restaurants and foreign-funded restaurants import high-grade beef such as beef steak and veal from abroad every year.
The main problems in the beef cattle industry are low production levels, serious waste of resources, poor quality of beef, and inability to meet market demand. China's beef production is still positioned in the pursuit of a production-oriented model. Exports of high-grade beef can reach about US$3,500 per ton, and beef is generally only US$1,500 per ton. The proportion of high quality beef in domestic beef is too small and it lacks competitiveness in the international market. In China, there are no special beef cattle breeds. The rate of improvement is only 30%. Individuals are small and the meat production rate is low. The average carcass weight is only 147 kg. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the improvement of cattle and raise the production level of the cattle industry.
How to realize the sustainable and healthy development of the cattle industry To develop the beef cattle industry, it is necessary to establish a beef cattle breeding system, to purify the rejuvenated beef cattle and local elite cattle, and to increase seed production. Special attention should be paid to cultivating China's fine varieties such as Luxi cattle. , Nanyang cattle, Qinchuan cattle, Jinnan cattle, Yanbian cattle; and the establishment of high-quality beef cattle breeding line selection and feeding management technology system, regional trials and demonstrations, the establishment of a scientific beef cattle cross breeding system suitable for China's national conditions; It is suitable for the feeding mode of beef cattle production in different regions and scales in China; research of high-grade beef production and serial processing technologies; preliminary establishment of a socialized service system for beef cattle production; integrating the beef cattle scientific and technological achievements with important application value to make it systematic, complementary and industrialized .
The ternary structure of crop farming (grain crops, cash crops, feed crops) will be promoted, a high-quality feed forage base will be established, and feed forage production and quality will be improved, such as dedicated feed corn and alfalfa.
Further strengthen the detection of animal diseases and the construction of quarantine and epidemic prevention systems to prevent the "invasion" of epidemics, strictly control the management of veterinary drugs and maintain the health of herds.
Vigorously develop the processing industry of beef cattle, support the leading enterprises to take the market as the direction, use science and technology as the means, implement integrated production, processing, and sales operations, increase the comprehensive benefits of raising cattle, and form a close interest community with cattle farmers, and exempt farmers from Market risk and worries.
Based on cattle-raising households, the establishment of beef cattle cooperatives or associations and regional cattle breeding industry associations will form the business system of “industry associations + leading enterprises + cooperatives + farmer households†and enhance domestic and foreign market competitiveness.
Implementing the “four-in-one†ecological cattle-raising model that combines cattle farming with the development of biogas and plastic greenhouses and the use of crop straws to provide both high quality fertilizers for agriculture and rural energy (cooking and lighting) issues .
To promote the planting of sweet sorghum and feed mulberry in the arid and semi-arid regions of the north, to provide high-quality feed fodder for the development of cattle-raising and other herbivores, improve the ecological environment, increase the income of farmers, and increase the overall efficiency of mutton cattle.
In terms of regional layout, the policy of beef cattle development in the pastoral areas in the agricultural areas has been pursued. Due to the low productivity in the pastoral areas, beef cattle are mainly agricultural areas. With the improvement of grassland, the proportion of pastoral areas will gradually increase.
Based on market demand and existing resources, we will increase the structural adjustment of the cattle industry and strive to increase the proportion of high-quality beef and high-grade beef to meet the growing market demand of urban and rural residents and foreign trade in the market economy.
According to local conditions, rational distribution, and key development in phases, the optimal allocation of social economy and natural resources can be achieved.
We will continue to adhere to the principles of national, collective, individual, and foreign investment attraction, vigorously support professional cattle farmers, focus on strengthening beef cattle processing and technology, and market service system construction, boldly try various modern enterprise management systems such as joint-stock system and joint-stock cooperative system, and gradually form a Animal husbandry and industry through-train, production and marketing integration and modern business model.
Accelerate beef cattle science and technology progress, and strive to increase the individual production capacity of beef cattle, feed conversion rate, slaughter rate and commodity rate, so that China's beef cattle industry to a new level, a new level and a new level.
While striving to increase the overall production capacity of beef cattle in China, the economic benefits of raising cattle have been continuously improved, and the income level of farmers raising cattle has been increased.
Accelerate the establishment of technical standards and product quality standards for the beef cattle industry, enable beef cattle to go international, explore the international market, and enhance the international competitiveness of products.
For the healthy development of beef cattle production, the key is to solve the problems of animal diseases, drug residues and toxic substances. Beef cattle breeding diseases, parasitic diseases and other diseases have a higher incidence, the threat of zoonosis, the illegal use of veterinary drugs, feed additives, unsanitary slaughter of private workshops, the lack of circulation of the cold chain, environmental pollution caused by large-scale farming These are the root causes of the above problems.
Hebei Province is a major province of beef cattle production. In the past 10 years, it has systematically tackled technological problems such as variety improvement, efficient breeding, efficient feed utilization, feeding and management, product processing technology, service system construction, standardized safety production, and product quality upgrading. The key technologies and comprehensive supporting technology research, the assembly and innovation of existing technologies, the completion of pilot demonstration areas and the promotion of technology have been developed simultaneously, and a beef cattle industrialization production technology system suitable for application in this province has been created. Through the promotion of this technical system, it has promoted the establishment of a regional distribution, specialized production, integrated management, enterprise management, and socialized service pattern of local beef cattle production, which has enabled the province’s beef cattle production to achieve significant economic, social, and Ecological Benefits. The main results are:
Through microsatellite DNA markers, the heterosis between the parents of beef cattle was predicted, and the optimal cross combination of beef cattle was clarified.
The combination of high-tech biotechnology and conventional technology has enabled beef cattle to be productive and fast. The bovine embryonic vitrification cryogenic fluid was successfully developed. The thawing rate of frozen bovine embryos reached 100%, and the pregnancy rate of transplants was 58.8%. This achieved "factory" production of embryos. A comprehensive set of techniques for improving the reproductive rate of beef cattle, with the main content of improving the semen quality of breeding bulls, optimizing the conception of cows, and regulating the operation of cows, was developed.
A nutritious regulation of high-quality beef cattle production and high-performance feeding techniques were proposed to achieve high-quality and high-quality fattening.
Established a high-efficiency production combination of a high-quality, high-quality beef cattle production diet formula library and different typical formula combinations, and developed a beef protein high-performance protein supplement that integrates “through-the-ript protein + sustained-release urea + prolonging agent + quality improvement of livestock productsâ€. material. The daily weight gain increased by 20.0% to 95.7%, and the feed conversion rate increased by 10.4% to 34.85%.
Designed a new type of cowshed suitable for winter and cool in the north of China, increasing the daily weight gain by 11% to 16%. It proposed a high-grade beef production technology combining free-range breeding with feed-feeding, night feeding and straight-line fattening of small shelf cattle in agricultural areas. The weight gain increased by 20%, the slaughter rate reached 60.98%, the net meat rate was 50.76%, and the high-grade beef production increased by 29.5%.
The new technology of straw chemical and biological treatment has realized the scientific utilization of straw resources. Three combinations of positive combination effects were selected. It played a comprehensive role in complementing nutrition, adjusting physical and chemical properties, and improving the rumen environment.
The comprehensive prevention and control technology of beef cattle was proposed to ensure the health and safety of beef cattle production. The total effective rate of "Jinbao" granules for the treatment of cow endometritis infertility was 96% and the fertility rate was 87%. In 2002, it was included in the National Science and Technology Ministry's agricultural science and technology achievements conversion funds project. The cure rate of "Avitopril" pouring agent against leather fly disease and digestive tract nematode disease was 100%. The incidence of green leaf lobe poisoning is controlled below 1%.
Put forward the beef cattle slaughter and processing matching technology to improve the quality of beef. The beef electric tenderizer was successfully developed, and a set of rapid acid-extraction technology for beef, which is mainly based on electric stimulation, was proposed. The beef acid aging period was only 48 hours, and it was shortened by 8 to 10 days compared with conventional low-temperature acid. A vacuum composite preservative with anti-corrosion and color protection functions was developed. Combined with beef vacuum packaging technology, a vacuum composite preservation bag was made. The fresh preservation period of beef was extended from 14 days to 35 days.
The development model of beef cattle in different ecological areas in Hebei Province was proposed: the industrialization model of “five-in-one sub-regional feeding in phases†in the mountainous areas; the establishment of “aquaculture parks†and “market leading, leading bases, and bases for peasant households†in the agricultural areas. Serialized, integrated development model. A scientific and reasonable evaluation index system for economic benefits of beef cattle breeding farms, a monitoring index system and a set of standardized management methods and management systems have been formulated.
Six pollution-free production standards for beef cattle were formulated to promote the industrialization of beef cattle.
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