Release date: 2015-01-05
United States
Genetic research has more in-depth control of genes; cytology has overcome many problems in detection and treatment; brain science research memory stimulation technology has helped to restore memory and found that there are "conscious switches" and "information exchange stations" in the brain.
In genetics, Duke University draws a map of the fragile site of the yeast gene, and the region of the fragile site is where the DNA replicator slows or pauses, revealing the source of genetic abnormalities in many solid tumors; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Found another sex-determining sub-gene unit other than the X and Y chromosomes. Losing it will turn into a male and female bisexual; Scripps Research uses RNA molecules for the first time in a test tube. The "sex" enzyme, which uses the original RNA strand as a template to copy the original version of the image, can also use the image to copy the original RNA strand.
In the field of cytology, the University of California, Santa Cruz, developed a robotic "nano-biospy" that extracts samples from a single living cell for RNA or DNA sequencing without killing cells; the school does not have a campus in San Francisco. After induction of pluripotent stem cell transformation, human skin cells are transformed into mature full-function hepatocytes, which can be vigorously grown in a mouse model of liver failure. The Salk Institute uses human "indirect lineage transformation" method to transform human skin cells. Directly become portable white blood cells. Advanced Cell Technology uses the somatic cell nuclear transfer technology similar to the clone "Dolly Sheep" to clone stem cells from adult skin cells for the first time in the laboratory; the New York Stem Cell Foundation Institute first cloned insulin matched to its DNA using DNA from diabetic patients. Secreted cells; scientists also guide human stem cells into a "micro stomach" in the laboratory, with a glandular structure that can also accommodate intestinal bacteria.
In the field of brain science research, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) plans to conduct a four-year memory stimulation technology study to develop memory implants into the brain to help injured soldiers or Alzheimer's patients recover their memories; DARPA also Collaborated with the University of Wisconsin-Madison to develop brain research techniques that explore the link between human brain structure and function; the University of Washington found that the brain has a "conscious switch" and uses electric shocks to shut down human consciousness for the first time; The researchers also found that a special part of the brain has an information "exchange station" function that directs signals from external and internal memory; Tufts University has successfully created a three-dimensional brain-like tissue model with functional and structural features similar to rats. Brain tissue can be used to study brain function and develop new therapies for treating brain dysfunction.
The team of Nobel Laureate in 2014, Eric Bezig, developed a new type of optical microscope that captures three-dimensional high-resolution images of live cell activity at near real-time speeds, tracking individual protein movements, fertilized egg development, and cell division. Growth and contraction of the cytoskeleton.
In biomedical research, Boston University and Massachusetts General Hospital have jointly developed artificial pancreas devices that can be connected with smartphones to help patients regulate blood sugar, which is expected to lead people with type 1 diabetes to live a normal life. The National Institute of Health has developed autoimmune immunity. New treatments for diseases that induce immune-regulated cells in animals, which are expected to eventually overcome autoimmune diseases; the University of Illinois finds the functional structure of the natural antibiotic Streptococcus mutans, which is expected to bring thousands of similar molecules with medical value; South Carolina State University has discovered a new way to “upgrade†antibiotics to create “enhanced†antibiotics that will make penicillin regain its past and effectively inhibit super bacteria.
In the field of major diseases such as AIDS, cancer and Ebola, scientists have fully clarified the structure of the surface protrusion of HIV and its dynamic changes before and after fusion with human cells. These protrusions are the key to its infection of human cells; used by Temple University The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has successfully eliminated the potential HIV-1 virus from human cells for the first time, and has taken an important step toward the permanent cure of AIDS; University of California, San Francisco uses genetic editing technology to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) It can cultivate white blood cells that can fight HIV infection, and can also be cultivated into other blood cells, which is expected to become a new method for functionally curing AIDS.
The Weiss Biomimetic Engineering Institute at Harvard University has developed a new method for the treatment of breast cancer that does not require surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy to reverse the carcinogenesis of mouse breast tumors to some extent; Yale University has discovered a substance produced by marine bacteria, lomaiviticin A. Cancer cells can be killed by destroying DNA; other researchers have also found that a pathogenic bacterium that lives in the soil can shrink tumors in experimental dogs without invading surrounding healthy oxygen-rich tissues.
In the development of Ebola virus treatment drugs and vaccines, a number of biopharmaceutical companies have developed a variety of therapeutic drugs, but further clinical trials are needed to enter the market; the first phase of the Ebola virus vaccine clinical trial has been successful, entering the second phase Preparation for clinical trials.
In addition, there is a negative news. Scientists use the flu gene fragments spread in wild ducks to create a deadly virus that is very similar to the "Spanish flu". Although the researchers believe this will help deal with the next influenza pandemic, the experiment was Some people criticized "recklessness", "crazy" and "dangerous."
United Kingdom
Investment in biomedical fields remains high. Achievements in areas such as genetic research and stem cell research continue, and new results in disease research are expected to benefit humanity.
In genetic research, scientists have for the first time identified a specific gene related to intelligence that affects the thickness of the cerebral cortex and thus affects intelligence. This finding helps scientists better understand the creatures behind certain intellectual disabilities. Mechanism; an interactive map that reveals details of human genetic history, systematically showing the history of genetic fusion between 95 ethnic groups in Asia, Africa and South America over the past 4,000 years, enabling people to see the impact of important historical events on human genetic history; Observe the process of mutating healthy cell genomes and reconstruct a single cell life history.
In terms of synthetic biology, British scientists and international counterparts have spent seven years experimenting with computers to simulate the smallest of the 16 chromosomes of yeast, marking an important step forward in synthetic biology.
In stem cell research, for the first time, British and American scientists use pluripotent stem cells to culture epidermal tissue with functional barriers in the laboratory. They can be used as an inexpensive alternative to test drugs and cosmetics, develop new treatments for skin diseases, and hope to mass produce functionality. Artificial skin; Cambridge University scientists have found that the nucleus of embryonic stem cells has the characteristics of extrusion shrinkage and tensile expansion, and is expected to provide an alternative method for manufacturing artificial swellable materials.
In the field of disease research, scientists at the University of Nottingham have revealed the role of interferon in immune response, clarifying the unique biological mechanisms of different types of interferon in combating infection, and providing new ideas for the treatment of diseases such as hepatitis and cancer; Manipulation of a single protein to achieve thymus remodeling in aged rats, the first realization of mammalian living organ regeneration, is expected to provide new treatment for patients with genetic diseases associated with impaired immune system and thymus development; the CAd3-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine jointly developed by Anglo-American Human testing, safety data is satisfactory.
The UK, which is leading the world in artificial insemination technology, announced a draft in February to conduct public consultation on the specific operational specifications of the “one parent and two mothers†artificial insemination technology, making the “one father and two mothers†technology gradually closer to practicality and starting to be revised in July. The law allows "mitochondrial DNA replacement", and perhaps by the beginning of 2016, the first baby born by the "three-in-one" embryo artificial insemination technology will be born.
Canada
Developed a combination of Ebola virus antibodies, mapped the largest human protein interaction map to date, developed a number of cancer detection and treatment methods, and questioned the validity of human gene patents.
In the Ebola vaccine research, the Public Health Agency of Canada and the United States cooperated to share their respective monoclonal antibodies, and selected the optimal antibody combination "ZMapp" through experiments. The cure rate of rhesus monkeys was 100%; based on ZMapp antibody The Ebola vaccine was launched in the United States for a phase of human clinical trials; the VSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine developed in Canada was suspended in Phase I clinical trials at the University Hospital of Geneva in Switzerland, due to unexpected mild joint pain in 4 volunteers, but The clinical trials of the vaccine in the United States, Canada, Germany and Gabon were carried out normally.
The Canada-US collaboration maps the largest direct interaction between human genome-encoded proteins to date and predicts dozens of new cancer-associated genes.
McGill University found that in all breast cancer types, p66ShcA expression levels are closely related to the expression of epithelial stromal cell transforming genes, and can be used as a marker of choice for determining the prognosis of various molecular subtypes of breast cancer; in addition, they have achieved a technological breakthrough. The long-chain DNA can be loaded into the tuned nano-imaging chamber under similar human conditions, and its structure is unchanged. Researchers do not need to spend a lot of time splicing the whole genome, making genome analysis simpler and more efficient, and it is expected to be used for rapid cancer. Diagnosis and various prenatal diagnosis. The Princess Margaret Cancer Research Centre in Toronto has developed a rapid, high-precision genetic testing tool to determine which prostate cancer patients need only partial surgery such as surgery or radiotherapy to recover, while others require further chemotherapy or hormone therapy. .
Researchers at the University of Ottawa combine live virus with SMAC mimics to amplify tumor-killing effects, destroy tumors without harming surrounding healthy tissue, and overcome the limitations of monotherapy; Toronto Children's Hospital uses high-energy focused ultrasound (HIFU) The removal of tumors without wound resection is the first case in North America to remove pediatric osteoid osteoma in this way.
The United States and Canada joint research found that HIV infection can reshape bacteria and immune factors in semen. Semen bacteria play a role in local inflammation and virus shedding, or can be a target for reducing HIV transmission; University of Toronto identified a protein Complexes, which play an important role in diseases such as epilepsy and schizophrenia, aim to develop better neurological therapies with these proteins as targets.
The University of Montreal Institute of Immunology and Cancer has discovered a new molecule, UM171, which can multiply the number of stem cells in the unit cord blood to reduce the complications caused by stem cell transplantation. The West Sinai Hospital in Toronto reprogrammed somatic cells to obtain a kind of The novel mouse pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all three embryonic precursor tissues and are safer and more effective for biological and medical research experiments.
The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario pleaded with the court to question the validity of human gene patents, saying that these patents are legally untenable, hindering effective treatment of patients, requiring genetic sequencing and diagnostic methods involving a heart disease. Five patents were declared invalid.
Germany
Many achievements have been made in aging research, biological evolution, genetic analysis of genetic diseases, research on stem cells, brain and nerve cells.
The Institute of Aging Biology found that drugs can prevent or even "reverse" the decline in sleep quality caused by aging; the Institute of Biochemistry has discovered a proteinase that can chop down DNA-protein cross-linking; the Institute of Developmental Biology The evolution of the eye also reveals how the blue-yellow interlaced pattern of zebrafish is formed; the Institute of Plant Molecular Physiology found that plants can transfer all genetic material to other plants by asexual reproduction; the Institute of Psychiatry found 108 A genetic locus associated with schizophrenia.
The Institute of Infectious Biology found a new method for the immune system to recognize pathogens, and found that repeated mutant genes cause neurodegenerative diseases by making toxic proteins; the Institute of Neurobiology found that FLRT proteins on the surface of progenitor cells can induce repellent signals and The attracting signal "directs" the precursor cells of the pyramidal cells to their destination; the Institute of Molecular Genetics developed a method called "PhenIX" that can safely and quickly analyze genetic symptoms and symptoms of hereditary diseases. The analysis was performed for identification, and it was also found that gene mutations did not occur randomly in the two sets of parental chromosomes.
The University of Bonn found that sunburn not only directly changed the genome of Pigment cells, but also indirectly caused melanoma formation through the inflammatory process in the surrounding tissues; it was found that immune cells can be transformed into more different forms; DRD2 responsible for signal transmission in the frontal lobe of the brain was found. Genes are closely related to forgetfulness and inattention; it is found that its immune components remain active after cell death, and can enter other cells to continue to support the inflammatory response; human immune sensing systems are found to act on the virus at the molecular level. The attack was discovered; two proteins were found to influence the connection of nerve cells and the neural signals transmitted to the hippocampus; and some genetic variants that play a role in the innate immune response are identified.
The results of other research institutions include the molecular recognition mechanism for the action of Tau protein in Alzheimer's disease; the acquisition of protein evidence for 18,097 genes in the "proteome database"; and the construction of a class with biomechanical function Cell model; reveals bacterial ribosome changes leading to antibiotic erythromycin resistance; recognizes blood cancer stem cells of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); discovers new pathogenic genes for childhood epilepsy; artificially synthesizes monosaccharide molecules that inhibit asthma Analyze the formation of the body axis in early embryos of vertebrates; discover multiple regenerations of the liver and inhibit tumor growth mechanisms; develop lysis therapy to kill cancer cells with viruses; discover potential risks of stem cell therapy; reveal responsible cells The mechanism of action of the split complex telomerase.
In addition, Germany also participated in the completion of the first genome sequencing and analysis of termites, Brassica napus, Gibbon and ancient humans.
France
The world's second permanent total artificial heart transplant was successfully performed, and the largest biological laboratory exhibition in Europe was held to develop the Ebola virus small rapid detector.
The world's second permanent total artificial heart transplant was successful. A nearly 70-year-old male patient was implanted with a Kalmar artificial heart developed by a French cardiovascular specialist. His health status was “very goodâ€. The Kalmar artificial heart is made of biomaterials to avoid rejection and coagulation of the human immune system, and automatically adjusts blood pressure, blood flow velocity and heart rate according to different conditions.
The Atomic Energy and Renewable Energy Committee has developed a small instrument that can quickly detect Ebola virus. Its shape and operation method are similar to those of the rapid pregnancy tester. The results can be produced within 15 minutes. The portable device that pulls the virus is extremely sensitive and can identify the virus at an early stage, and the Ebola virus in the blood sample can be detected within 75 minutes.
The 59th French International Laboratory and Biotechnology Exhibition was held in Paris. ERITECH, a French biopharmaceutical company, was awarded the Most Innovative Award for European Biotechnology SMEs in 2014 by the European Bioindustry Association for pioneering the “Tumor Hunger Lawâ€.
Russia
Research on the mechanism of human aging, the use of stem cells to generate dental tissue, "micro" artificial intelligence research and development is an important step, Ebola virus vaccine into animal experiments, the creation of a new bioreactor.
In the field of genetic technology, a scientific team composed of Russian and American scientists discovered the necessary conditions for the correct folding of DNA, helped to study the mechanism of human aging, and developed a rapid micro-detector for genetically modified components, which can detect whether food is in a short time. Containing genetically modified components; in stem cell research, the researchers used the stem cells of the dog's omentum and subcutaneous fat to form dental tissue in the missing teeth of the experimental dog.
In the development of “mini†artificial intelligence biology, it has taken an important step to create the world's first virtual creature, the nematode, whose nerve cells are completely modeled on real organisms, can move autonomously, and create water and soil suitable for nematode survival. surroundings.
He has also achieved good results in Ebola virus research. He is conducting animal tests on the Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus test vaccine, and will soon carry out human testing; the influenza vaccine development has also made breakthroughs, and a new type of split vaccine for the treatment of influenza has been developed. The use of viral surface and core protein production without the use of adjuvants, so no allergic reactions; five universal influenza vaccines have entered the preclinical research phase, is expected to enter the market within 4 years.
The development of high-efficiency bioreactors with thermophiles directly produces heat rather than fuels such as biogas, which can reach temperatures of up to 60 degrees Celsius.
Korea
Under the guidance of biomedical technology project policy, progress has been made in the field of interferon research and development, animal genetic information research and high-precision medical robot design.
The development of hyaluronic acid-based hepatitis C treatment of interferon, the world's popular treatment of hepatitis C drug ribavirin directly in the liver, overcoming the previous drug side effects, greatly improving the efficacy.
The “Vulture Genetic Information Analysis†project was successful, and the reason why vultures were fond of carrion but not sick was solved. The research team performed DNA and RNA sequencing on the blood of two live vultures, and analyzed the genetic sequence to detect the genetic status of 200,000 vultures. It was concluded that the immunity of vultures was mainly related to the secretion of gastric acid and the specificity of related genes.
The robot successfully completed the operation of the brain tumor without surgery. Use a robot with a diameter of 4 mm and a 90-degree bend to enter the intracranial operation through the nostrils. It is expected to be widely used in surgery that cannot be completed by general robots such as brain surgery and spinal surgery in the future. After clinical trials, it is expected to be officially put into use within three to five years.
Japan
The new visualization technology becomes a powerful tool for future pathological analysis and anatomy. The nano-machine realizes light-controlled delivery, and the computer reads brain information to control the lower body activity.
The Japan Institute of Physical and Chemical Research has developed a new visual technology that can transparentize the brains of adult rats and small primates, transform gene activities and neural networks into three-dimensional data for observation; and experimental rats by genetic techniques The whole body becomes transparent, and the three-dimensional data of the gene activity and cell network structure of the rat individual can be directly obtained, which can be used as a powerful tool for future pathological analysis and anatomy.
Developed a nanomachine that can be administered systemically, which can selectively treat genes and drugs that are irradiated by light.
The signal from the brain to the muscles of the arm is read by a computer, and then the signal is used to stimulate the lumbar medulla with magnetic force, and for the first time, the movement of the foot is controlled with its own will without passing through the spinal cord.
Developed a new detection technology that can measure a drop of blood or urine in 10 minutes through a semiconductor sensor, costing less than 100 yen each time.
Scientists from the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research published a paper in Nature, saying that a simple acidification method can produce a new type of "universal cells" that can be differentiated into a variety of cells, called "STAP cells," but the paper is questioned for fraud, nearly 50 repetitions. The experiments failed, and Nature magazine officially withdrew the relevant papers.
Brazil
The data provided to the international human genetic database ranks second in the world, and the world of sugarcane, citrus and sugarcane diseases is leading the world in genetic analysis; the application of biotechnology is developing rapidly.
Brazil vigorously implements the genome project, which is second only to the United States in deciphering and mapping the gene map of human cancer cells; successfully cloned cattle from animal embryos; the market value of biotechnology market grows at a rate of more than 30% per year, and its biomedical technology products account for domestic market share. More than 80%.
Biotechnology and ecological agriculture are the two pillars of Brazilian agricultural development. The rapid development of biotechnology applications, cotton insect resistance in the field of transgenic technology, soybean antiviral, soybean herbicide-free research results; genetically modified soybean, corn, cotton and other crops planting area has increased significantly, product trade legislation has also been introduced.
Significant achievements in the fields of immunology research and drug development in tropical diseases. The city of Campinas, São Paulo, was established by the British Oxford Insect Technology Company to establish the first genetically modified male mosquito breeding laboratory to control the spread of dengue fever using genetically modified technology. When genetically modified male mosquitoes are mated with wild female mosquitoes, the resulting offspring do not have fertility and die before maturity, thus reducing the number of whole mosquito populations. This approach does not cause harm to the environment and humans, and the number of mosquitoes in the test area has dropped by 93%.
Israel
Brain science research has achieved remarkable results, and new progress has been made in the treatment of cancer and anticancer drugs and treatment methods. A number of research results on difficult diseases such as human mental illness and heart disease have emerged.
The Israel Institute of Technology developed a "test tube brain tissue" to observe nerve activity in a 3D view; developed a "pharmacological Trojan horse" to help develop a method for combating drug-resistant cancer cells; the first transplant of muscle tissue containing large blood vessels successfully repaired a serious injury Abdominal muscles; the addition of moderate amounts of pomegranate juice to statins can significantly lower cholesterol levels, delay heart disease or stroke; reveal animal evolutionary secrets, answering the evolutionary sequence of most animal embryonic cell three-layer structures: endoderm first Evolution, followed by ectoderm, and finally mesoderm, this finding helps humans better understand the pathogenesis of cancer.
Tel Aviv University first discovered the pathogenesis of acute inflammation in the brain caused by rabies; revealed the exact cellular signal of kidney regeneration and the multi-layered nature of kidney growth; developed a new algorithm to predict the lethality of over-expressed metabolic genes to cells, can guide Metabolic engineering research is better at producing new chemicals.
Haifa University has found a link between Alzheimer's disease and the activity of brain-specific protein molecules, which can control the molecule without compromising brain cognition, find new ways to improve human memory, treat and delay Alzheimer's disease; Deep sea fish oil with omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids has a special effect on smoking cessation.
The development of a biomolecule reduces the risk of developing dementia in patients with diabetes; initially reveals the developmental mechanism leading to necrotizing fasciitis, opening the door to finding a scientific method to treat and contain this potentially deadly bacterium; A new mechanism that can lead to depression has made it possible to develop new and fast antidepressants.
It is found that the human intestinal bacteria and the circadian clock can be properly coordinated to prevent obesity and glucose intolerance; it is found that the tumor grows faster at night but the hormone can effectively inhibit the spread of cancer cells, and the treatment measures combined with the human body circadian cycle can be adopted. Improve the efficacy; find a signal that the brain may age. This unique signal is a “missing link†between cognitive decline and aging. This finding helps to find a way to slow or reverse cognitive decline in the elderly; The MRI technique reveals the mechanism of maternal blood flow and fetal exchange through the placenta.
Source: China Science and Technology Network
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