With the rapid development of science and technology, there are more and more planting methods in China. In recent years, it is more popular in soilless cultivation, which can save costs and reduce space. The following is a brief introduction to the science of floating seedlings in tomato science. Pest control methods.
The floating seedling technique is a soilless seedling method. In a greenhouse, a plastic greenhouse and a small arch shed, the filling substrate is placed on a polystyrene seedling tray, seeds are seeded, and the seedling tray is placed in a water tank having a complete nutrient solution after sowing. The process of seed germination, growth, and seedling formation. The technology can effectively control pests and diseases, cultivate disease-free, insect-free and strong seedlings; greatly reduce labor input, avoid watering and cause soil compaction; promote early emergence and early emergence of seedlings, realize agricultural products in the morning market; The supply of seedlings frees the vegetable growers from the lengthy and busy seedling labor, which is conducive to the realization of large-scale and pollution-free production of vegetables.
1 Key technology for floating seedlings of tomatoes
1.1 Selection of nursery sites
The seedbed is suitable for leeward sun, flat terrain, wide, no pollution, convenient water supply, smooth drainage, convenient transportation, no large flying dust; no tall trees, buildings or mountain shades around; should be away from vegetable land more than 100m, away from farmers The house is more than 1000m.
1.2 Construction of nutrition pool and nursery shed
1.2.1 The orientation of plastic greenhouses and small arch sheds. The construction of greenhouses can sit north to south, and extend east-west and other anti-counterfeiting. Regardless of the orientation, the shed should be kept at a distance of 2~3m to ensure that the front shed will not be shaded by the rear shed.
1.2.2 Construction of the nutrition pool. The nutrition pool is built into a low-tea tray type, which is rectangular. It can be hollow hollow brick or building brick. The length and width of the seedbed are determined according to the specifications of the floating tray, the seedling volume and the topography. Note that the Miaochi can not be too long, otherwise it will bring inconvenience to management, especially temperature management.
1.2.3 Treatment of nursery environment. When constructing a nutrient pool, weeds should be removed from weeds and plant residues in and around the nursery site. After the floating pool is built, the surrounding environment is spray-sterilized with a disinfectant; the base film is preferably made of a black thick film to inhibit the growth of weeds.
1.2.4 Production of small arch sheds for nursery. The length of the nursery small arch shed is generally not more than 10m. The scaffolding is made of bamboo slabs to form the “roof typeâ€. The insect net and the membrane are covered in time after being placed on the plate. The insect net is covered first and the film is covered. Under normal circumstances, the insect net is not exposed.
1.2.5 Design standards for plastic greenhouses. It can be built according to the specifications of standard steel frame greenhouses. The design specifications are 30m×6m. There must be insect nets on both sides of the greenhouse. The size of the seedling pond can be carefully designed according to the size of the seedling tray and the seedling volume. For example, for 50cm long, Floating tray with width of 33cm and 160 holes, according to the inner diameter of the nursery pond is 1.02m wide, the inner diameter is 8.86m, and the depth is 0.12m. 3 rows of seedling ponds can be built in the shed, 3 per row, and 9 seedling ponds per shed. There are 351 plates of standard steel frame greenhouses (39 plates per seedling), and the seedling volume is about 56,000.
1.3 Nursery water
The water used for the seedbed must be clean, non-polluting, groundwater or tap water with a pH of 6~6.5. Generally, pond water and river water are not used. It is strictly forbidden to use contaminated water. Generally, the irrigation depth of the seedling pond is 8cm, and the floating disk surface is flat with the top of the nutrition pool. It is not conducive to warming up in early spring, especially for mountainous areas with high altitude. The depth of irrigation in the early seedling pond can be within 3~5cm, that is, the floating plate can be floated.
1.4 Seedling tray
Floating discs generally use 162-hole polystyrene plastic foam discs; other sizes are also available. The key is to determine the size of the seedling tray according to the specifications of the nursery greenhouse, and decide that the seedling tray to be used can be supplied for a long time.
1.5 Preparation of the matrix
Use a special substrate for floating seedlings and buy it from a professional manufacturer. The substrate is prepared from grass charcoal, fermented crop straw, expanded perlite, and vermiculite in a certain ratio. It can also be self-contained. The formula is: 50% sifted paddy soil + 40% fully decomposed minced straw + 10% perlite, or humus soil directly to the foot of the tree. However, self-matching must be strictly disinfected.
1.6 Loading
Before loading the disc, check whether the bottom of the disc is clogged, and if there is any blockage, it must be drilled through; then spray the water on the substrate, soak it in advance, and then fill it with the effect of clumping and touching. The matrix filling requirements are sufficient, uniform, and moderately tight. Be careful not to compact the substrate with fingers or wooden sticks, and do not dry the leaking holes.
1.7 Seeding
Seed treatment before sowing can effectively reduce pests and diseases, and soaking seeds in warm soup is the best choice for seed treatment. After the plate is loaded, a small hole of about 5 mm deep and 1 cm square is pressed out at the center of each seedling point, and the finger can be pressed by a finger, or a special small hole can be pressed out by a special pressure plate.
1.8 Fertilization
The seedling fertilizer is matched with the substrate, purchased from a professional manufacturer, or applied with a compound fertilizer with a suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
1.8.1 Fertilization time and dosage. The fertilizer is not fertilized in the water before the seedling tray and before the emergence of the seedlings, in order to prevent the concentration of the nutrient solution and the pH value from rising. Generally, the first fertilizer (10g/plate) should be released after the seedlings are released. The fertilizer can be applied to the Yunfeng compound fertilizer with a ratio of NPK to 15:15:15. When the seedlings grow 3~4, the second is applied. Sub-fertilization, the amount of fertilization is 15~20g per plate, and the ratio of NPK is 20:15:15.
1.8.2 Fertilization method. The fertilizer is completely dissolved in the bucket along the seedling pond. While walking, pour the solution into the seedling pond and stir it to mix the nutrient solution. It is strictly forbidden to add the fertilizer solution and water from the top of the seedling tray. The water evaporation should be added to the water level.
2 seedbed management
2.1 Temperature Management
After sowing, attention should be paid to insulation to ensure that the seedlings are neat and tidy. The temperature of the plate is kept at 22~25°C; now the third true leaf, the temperature is kept at 18~22 °C, and should never be higher than 25 °C, otherwise it is prone to high seedlings. When the 3~5th true leaves are used, the film is gradually peeled off to adapt the seedlings to the external temperature conditions, but if the outside temperature is lower than 12 °C, pay attention to the heat preservation. Temperature control is achieved by uncovering (or covering) the shed film. If there is a heating bed with heating wire, open the temperature control file between 12~16 °C. If the outside temperature is low, the temperature of the floating pool should not be adjusted too high, otherwise it will affect the adaptation of the seedling to the field during transplanting.
2.2, fixed seedlings and seedlings
After the seedlings are out, the two cotyledons are flattened until the first true leaves appear. The seedlings and seedlings should be started. In the case of interplanting, the matrix in the planting holes should be minimized. The seedlings should not change the morphology of the matrix in the planting holes. Pay attention to maintaining hygiene when setting seedlings.
2.3 Refining
When entering the seedling stage, 7 to 10 days before transplanting, the seedlings can be carried out.
2.3.1 Drought refinery. After the tomato seedlings have 3 leaves and 1 heart to 4 leaves, it is necessary to start the arid refining, that is, remove the seedbed in the morning until the seedlings start to wilting until the morning of the second day, so that the continuous refining is 3~5 days or intermittent. Refining the seedlings 2~3 times.
2.3.2 Low temperature refining. 7 to 10 days before transplanting, the film was smelted according to the weather conditions. Through the tomato seedlings after refining, the root system is developed, the white roots are more, the seedlings are stronger, and the refinery strengthens the adaptation of the seedlings to the arid environment, so it can effectively improve the resilience of the seedlings and improve the survival rate of the transplanting of the field.
2.4 Seedling transplanting and aftercare work
In order to improve the adaptability of tomato seedlings to the external environment, spray the grafting agent or plant growth strongener once every 3 days before transplanting, 0.136% Bi 10000 times liquid + 1.6% thiazolone 1000 times liquid +10 % Solanum vegetable trace element water soluble fertilizer 500 times solution.
After the seedlings are transplanted, the seedling trays, plastic film, scaffolding, etc. are taken back as soon as possible, rinsed with water, and stored for later use to reduce the cost of seedlings. The float should be specially placed in a place where there is no rodent damage to prevent damage.
3 Common problems and prevention of floating seedlings in tomatoes
3.1 Salt damage
During the emergence of the roots from the substrate into the nutrient solution, such as high temperature, low humidity and excessive air flow, it is easy to cause salt damage. In the seedling tray where salt damage occurs, the surface of the substrate is whitish, and salt is analyzed. In severe cases, the seedlings can be killed, and the salt damage can be eliminated by spraying with water.
3.2 Freezing damage
In early spring, if the spring is cold, the temperature of the seedbed will drop to below 0 °C. If the cover film and the cover are not kept warm, the seedlings will be frozen. Preventive measures: Pay close attention to the weather forecast. Once the cold wave strikes, the seedling greenhouse will be closed in advance. In addition to the cover film in the case of continuous cold, the blankets and old quilts can be added to keep warm.
3.3 heat damage
At noon on sunny days, the temperature is too high. If the film is not timely, the temperature in the shed will continue to be higher than 38 °C, then there will be heat damage, the leaves will turn yellow, and even die.
3.4 Calcium deficiency
The seedlings are deficient in calcium, the light grows yellow, the plants are thin, the roots are underdeveloped, the roots are short and brown; the petiole is curled and the top buds die. Control method: Spray liquid calcium when the seedlings have 1~2 true leaves.
3.5 Dip disease
Tripping disease is the main disease of tomato floating seedlings, so it is necessary to pay attention to the health of the seedbed to reduce the incidence of disease. The disease can be prevented by using Bishen, and it can be controlled with 72.2% Plex (Powder's salt) 500 times liquid. .
3.6 Pest Control
The pests that cause damage to tomato floating seedlings mainly include leaf miners. It can be prevented by using 10% imidacloprid EC 2000~4000 times or 50% licensing water 3000 times.
Although the soilless cultivation method is prevalent, it is still necessary to pay attention to the cultivation techniques, because different environments and different climates can have different effects on soilless culture. The above is a detailed tomato science floating seedling technique, and the growers are rushing to collect the cockroaches.
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