Tobacco seedbed fertilization: mainly to cultivate strong seedlings, to ensure timely transplanting, to lay the foundation for high quality and high yield of tobacco. Therefore, the seedbed should apply enough base fertilizer and timely topdressing. Seedbed base fertilizer, 20kg of cooked cake or dried chicken manure per square meter, 0.25-0.5kg of superphosphate, 0.25kg of potassium sulfate. The amount of seed dressing from the beginning of the cross is from less to more, usually 2-3 times.
The first top dressing is 2g of nitrogen per square meter, 1.5g of phosphorus (P2O5), and 2.5g of potassium (K2O). It is sprayed on water and sprayed once every 8-10 days. It is necessary to control the fertilizer water 3-5 days before transplanting to enhance the resistance to stress. The production of 100kg of tobacco (dry matter) requires N2.3-2.6kg, P2O51.2-1.5kg, K2O4.8-6.4kg, and the need for potassium in tobacco is much greater than that of nitrogen and phosphorus. Different cultivation of tobacco and different nutrients in different growth stages are different.
Recommended reading: Types of tobacco
According to botanical traits, cultivated tobacco is divided into common tobacco (safflower tobacco) and yellow tobacco. According to the product, it can be divided into cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, hookah, snuff and chewing tobacco. In China, tobacco is generally classified into six categories: flue-cured tobacco, sun-cured tobacco, air-cured tobacco, burley tobacco, oriental tobacco and yellow flower tobacco according to the quality characteristics, biological characteristics and cultivation and modulation methods of tobacco leaves.
Types of Tobacco: Tobacco belongs to the family Solanaceae, an annual herb. There are about 60 types of tobacco. Most of them are wild, and only safflower tobacco and yellow flower tobacco are currently used for cultivation.
Safflower tobacco
Safflower tobacco, also known as ordinary tobacco. Its stem is lignified, the whole plant is viscous glandular hairs, and the stem is round and erect. The height is about 1,200-2,300 mm. The multi-leaf variety is about 3,000 mm. Safflower tobacco has a thick main root with lateral roots around it. The leaves are large, and the shape is lanceolate to oval, spiraling from the bottom to the stem.
Generally, the small-leaf type has 18 to 25 leaves per plant, the middle-leaf type has 26 to 35 leaves per plant, and the multi-leaf type has more than 35 leaves per plant. Safflower tobacco has a long growing period and is not very cold-resistant. It should be planted in a warmer area. Most of the tobacco cultivated in China belongs to the safflower species.
Yellow flower tobacco
Yellow flower tobacco, also known as tobacco. The stem is prismatic, the whole plant has sticky glandular hairs, the plant height is generally 400-600 mm, the roots are shallower, the leaves are smaller, the leaves are thicker, oval, darker, with petiole, each The leaves are about 10 to 15 tablets. Yellow flower tobacco has a short growth period and is cold-tolerant, and is suitable for cultivation in low temperature areas, but yields. Tobacco leaves contain high amounts of nicotine, which can be as high as 4 to 9%. China's Heilongjiang, Gansu, Shanxi, Xinjiang and other provinces have the habit of planting yellow tobacco.
Tobacco
Flue-cured tobacco, also known as fire tube flue-cured tobacco, originated in Virginia, USA, and has a special morphological feature, and is therefore also known as the Virginia type. The main feature of flue-cured tobacco is that the plants are tall and the leaves are sparsely distributed. The plant height is 120-150cm, and the leaves are 20-30 pieces per plant. The leaves are thick and the sorghum is moderate. The quality of the middle part is the best. It is not advisable to apply too much nitrogen fertilizer in cultivation. The leaves mature from bottom to top and are harvested in several stages. The original preparation method was also air drying. Later (1869), it was changed to fire tube baking. It is currently prepared in the baking room and is golden yellow after baking. Its chemical composition is characterized by high sugar content, low protein content and moderate nicotine content. Flue-cured tobacco is the largest type of tobacco in China and the largest cultivated area in the world. It is also the main raw material of the cigarette industry and is also used as a pipe tobacco.
Sun-cured
Tobacco leaves are made of sunlight, mainly red and yellow. Generally, the appearance characteristics and chemical components of the yellow-light smoke are similar to those of the flue-cured tobacco, while the red-light smoke is different from the flue-cured tobacco. The leaves of red sun-cured tobacco are generally less, the flesh is thicker, harvested once or harvested once, and is mostly dark brown or brown after drying. The quality of the above leaves is the best.
Tobacco leaves generally have low sugar content, high protein and nicotine content, strong smoke and strong head. Sun-cured tobacco is mainly used for pipe tobacco, shisha and cigarettes, and also as a raw material for cigar core leaves, bundles and snuff, and chewing tobacco. In addition, some sun-cured tobacco can also be processed into insecticides.
Yellowing tobacco
Sun-cured tobacco is divided into light-colored sun-dark smoke and dark-colored yellow-smoke smoke according to the depth of leaf color. There are three kinds of preparation methods: semi-baked, half-baked, sun-dried and sun-dried. In general, the yellowing tobacco is close to the flue-cured tobacco, especially the light-colored sun-cured tobacco, which is similar to flue-cured tobacco in terms of shape, chemical composition, smoke, and taste.
Dark-colored yellow-light smoke is a type between light-colored yellow-light smoke and red-light smoke. Compared with light-colored yellow-light smoke, the leaves are darker in color, more nitrogen-containing, and lower in sugar content. These differences, in addition to variety factors, Mainly due to different cultivation conditions and modulation methods.
Red sun smoke (foreign called dark sun smoke)
It refers to the reddish-brown tobacco leaves after drying. This red sun can be subdivided into old red, red and dark brown. Red sun smoke is the raw material for making mixed cigarettes, dried tobacco and pipe tobacco. The good quality red sun smoke is also the raw material for making cigar core leaves and inner wrap.
Playing tobacco
It refers to the tobacco leaves that are first stacked and yellowed before being brewed. It can be used as a raw material for dry tobacco and is extremely valuable.
Smoking
The air-cured tobacco has light-colored air-cured tobacco (white ribs, Maryland) and dark air-cured tobacco. They are all air-cured in a cool and ventilated place. Among them, burley tobacco, Maryland tobacco and cigar-coated tobacco have their own characteristics. However, in China, except for burley tobacco as a tobacco type, all other air-cured tobaccos, including cigar-coated tobacco, Maryland tobacco and other traditional air-cured tobacco, are classified as air-cured.
Cigar wrapper
Cigar wrappers are usually shaded and have wide leaves. The middle and lower leaves are thin and light after airing, the veins are fine, the texture is fine, the elasticity is strong, the color is uniform gray brown or brown, and the burning property is good, and can be used as the raw material of the cigar wrapper.
Maryland smoke is light-colored smoke
It has strong resistance, wide adaptability, and the blade is larger and thinner. It has good smoldering properties and aroma. Therefore, when it is mixed with other types of tobacco leaves, it can improve the smoldering of cigarettes without disturbing the aroma. And taste. The tar and nicotine content of Maryland tobacco are lower than that of roasted and burley tobacco, and the filling performance is stronger. Therefore, in the hybrid cigarette, because of its addition, not only can the proportion of the oriental tobacco be reduced, but also the ratio of the flue-cured tobacco to the burley can be maintained.
Traditional air-cured
China's traditional air-curing area is small, and there are a small amount of production in Guangxi Wuming and Yunnan Yongsheng. The cultivation method of Wuming air-cured tobacco is basically the same as that of sun-cured tobacco, but the preparation method is to hang the whole tobacco in a cool and ventilated place, and then carry out the accumulation and processing fermentation after the tobacco leaves are dried. The prepared tobacco leaves are dark brown, with sufficient oil content, strong elasticity, full taste and good burning performance.
Burley
Burley is a mutant of the Maryland dark-cured tobacco variety. In 1864, a farm in Brown County, Ohio, USA, first discovered a milky yellow mutant tobacco plant in the broadleaf tobacco seedbed in Maryland. It was later planted to prove its special use value, and thus developed into a new type of tobacco. It has become an important raw material for hybrid cigarettes. The stems and veins of burley are milky white, which is quite different from other tobaccos.
The cultivation method is similar to flue-cured tobacco, but the middle and lower leaves are required to be large and thin, suitable for planting on fertile soil, and have high requirements for nitrogen nutrition. Burley tobacco is produced quickly, mature, concentrated, or harvested. The preparation method is to hang in the drying shed or in the drying room to dry. Burley tobacco has higher nicotine and total nitrogen content than flue-cured tobacco, lower sugar content, thinner leaves, strong elasticity, high filling power, strong smoldering fire resistance, good absorption capacity, and easy absorption during rolling. Adding.
Oriental tobacco
Oriental tobacco is also known as Turkish or Oriental. This type of tobacco is characterized by small plant type and small leaves, aroma, good taste, easy burning and strong filling. It is an important raw material for the smoked and mixed type, and it is also used in the tobacco. The aroma of oriental tobacco mainly comes from its glandular hair secretion or exudate. Its aroma is closely related to soil, climate and cultivation measures. It is suitable for planting on hillside sand land with less organic matter, low fertility and thin soil.
The leaves of the oriental tobacco are required to be small and thick in production. Therefore, the planting density is large, and the amount of fertilizer is generally small. In particular, the nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled, and the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be properly applied without topping. The quality of tobacco leaves is best in the top leaves, harvested from bottom to top. The preparation method is to dry until the wilting turns yellow and then expose. Nicotine content is low, and other chemical components are between flue-cured tobacco and red-light smoke.
Yellow flower smoke
The fundamental difference between common flower tobacco and the above types of tobacco is that it belongs to different species in plant taxonomy, and the biological characteristics vary greatly. The plant height is 50-100cm, the leaves are 10-15 pieces, the leaves are small, oval or heart-shaped, with petioles; the flowers are greenish yellow, the seeds are also large; the growth period is short, cold-tolerant, and more planted at high latitudes. High altitude and areas with short frost-free periods. Generally, the total nicotine, total nitrogen and protein content of yellow flower tobacco are higher, while the sugar content is lower and the smoke smell is strong.
Smoke
Also known as open flame flue-cured tobacco, it is one of the old ways of modulating tobacco leaves in the Americas. The method is to directly produce coal fire or firewood in the room, and the tobacco leaves are directly in contact with the fire in the baking room, so it is called smoke. The tobacco leaves are in direct contact with the smoke, and the color is dark after preparation. There is a special scent of creosote and oil. It is also used as one of the raw materials in the production of chewing tobacco and snuff and cigar.
The varieties of smoked tobacco are generally used in dark-cured tobacco varieties, and sometimes in flue-cured tobacco varieties. When cultivated, they are suitable for more viscous soils. The rows and plant spacings are larger and the topping is lower. The leaves are 12 to 16 tablets, and the chemical composition is nitrogen. Higher substances, especially nicotine, and low sugar content.
Related article: Tobacco planting and fertilization technology
The various nutrients required for flue-cured tobacco throughout the growing period of the field are mainly extracted from the soil. From the perspective of soil nutrient status in various ecological condition tobacco areas in China, neither the quantity of nutrients nor the dynamic supply process can meet the requirements of flue-cured tobacco for yield and quality. Therefore, it must be supplemented and adjusted through fertilization measures. The supply of nutrients ensures the normal growth of flue-cured tobacco and achieves high quality and high yield.
First, the principle of fertilization
At present, the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are still the most important problems in flue-cured tobacco fertilization. Among them, nitrogen is the first one. The principle of supply of nitrogen fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is: the pre-fertility period should be sufficient, the prosperous period must be sufficient, and the maturity period should be low and not lacking.
Pay attention to the following aspects in fertilization:
First, the problem of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion of different forms of nitrogen that are most closely related to the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco;
Second, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after the nitrogen application rate is determined;
Third, the rational application of organic fertilizer and the application of medium and trace element fertilizers.
The general principle is the combination of organic and inorganic, nitrate nitrogen combined with ammonium nitrogen, base fertilizer combined with topdressing, underground and above ground, a large number of elements combined with medium and trace elements to achieve nutritional coordination and balance.
Second, the determination of the amount of fertilizer
1. Determination of nitrogen application In production, due to climatic conditions, soil fertility, soil physical and chemical properties, etc., it is difficult to have an exact value for nitrogen use, and should be considered comprehensively based on actual conditions. In recent years, soil testing and fertilization have been widely carried out, which provides a scientific basis for determining a suitable fertilization amount, but still cannot achieve the desired effect. Usually, the amount of nitrogen applied is calculated according to the following formula:
Fertilizer-free zone smoke with a suitable yield
Nitrogen consumption = total nitrogen uptake of tobacco - nitrogen uptake of fertilizer applied by grass
Different nitrogen types have different effects on the growth and development of tobacco plants. Amide nitrogen easily leads to excessive absorption of nitrogen by tobacco leaves, resulting in late maturity; nitrate fertilizer has a fast effect and short duration, which not only promotes the vigorous growth of early tobacco plants, but also facilitates the yellowing and maturity of later tobacco plants; The fertilizer efficiency is slow and long, and the release time of nitrogen and its absorption are difficult to predict and control.
2. Determination of phosphorus application The absorption of phosphorus fertilizer by flue-cured tobacco is much less than that of nitrogen and potassium, only 1/2 to 1/4 of nitrogen uptake, but the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is low, such as the utilization rate of superphosphate. 10% to 20%, so the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus applied in production is generally 1: (1 to 1.5).
3. Determination of potassium application The absorption of potassium by tobacco is the most common among the three factors, 1.5 to 2.0 times that of nitrogen. Sufficient potassium has a good effect on improving the quality of tobacco leaves. According to the theoretical data, combined with the actual situation of each place, the application rate of potassium fertilizer is generally controlled at 1.5 to 3.0 times the amount of nitrogen applied.
4. Determination of organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers are called complete nutrient fertilizers. They contain a large amount of organic matter and various mineral elements. They have the characteristics of stable fertilizer and long-lasting fertilization capacity, and have positive effects on balancing nutrients and improving soil physical and chemical properties. There are many kinds of organic fertilizers suitable for flue-cured tobacco, mainly including various farmyard manures (fertilizer, compost, etc.), green manure (苜蓿, 紫云英, è‹•å, etc.) and various cake fertilizers (bean cake, peanut cake, rapeseed cake, sesame cake) Wait).
(1) Problems that should be paid attention to when applying organic fertilizer. The proportion of organic nitrogen is preferably about 25% of the total nitrogen application rate. When applying organic fertilizer,
First, we should try not to use human and animal excrement with high chlorine content to avoid excessive chlorine absorption by tobacco plants, causing black ash and flameout of tobacco leaves, and the quality is inferior. The compost is fermented and leached by rainfall, so that the chlorine content can be reduced to a suitable value. Moderate application;
Second, the organic fertilizer after complete decomposing is preferably applied after drying and crushing to facilitate the nutrient release of the organic fertilizer to avoid the harm of volatile toxic substances to the tobacco plant;
The third is to apply the organic fertilizer to the clay soil with high soil organic matter content and rapid release of available nitrogen, so as to avoid excessive nitrogen uptake in the late stage of the tobacco plant;
The fourth is the mixed application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer (forbidden to use the types that can not be mixed), so that the nutrients between the fertilizers are complementary, which is beneficial to improve the quality of tobacco leaves. It is a good fertilization measure to grow green fertilizers in conditions.
(2) Method of application of organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer can be used as the base fertilizer at the time of application, or the 1/2 to 2/3 organic fertilizer is mixed with all the phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and part of the nitrogen fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer, and the remaining part is used as the top dressing together with the chemical fertilizer.
The organic fertilizer used as the base fertilizer is generally applied before the transplanting, or combined with the ridge strip application; the other is the application of the hole, that is, the fertilizer is directly applied to the hole before the tobacco plant is transplanted, and most of the farmers are accustomed to use the cake. The strips can be combined with the acupoints. First, a part of the fertilizer is applied during ditching or ridges, and then the remaining fertilizer is transplanted. The whole organic fertilizer can also be uniformly applied by the whole layer fertilization method. Apply to the field, then transplant the land by shallow tillage.
The main nutrient contents of cake fertilizer and excrement are shown in Table 3-1 and Table 2-3.
Third, the fertilization method
1. Determining the depth of fertilization should be determined according to the type of tobacco, climatic conditions and soil type. Regardless of the type of fertilization, the fertilizer should be placed in the soil layer where the roots of tobacco plants are densely grown so as to be effectively absorbed and utilized by the tobacco plants.
Generally, in the humidified tobacco areas where the rainfall before and during the growth of the tobacco is greater than the evaporation amount, the depth of fertilization of flue-cured tobacco and burley tobacco should be about 10 to 12 cm. In the pre-tobacco growth period and the relatively long-term drought area, the fertilization depth is generally 15 to 17 cm or so, try to make the fertilizer in a relatively moist soil layer; the fertilization depth of the sandy soil with poor fertility should generally be about 10 cm;
The mulch is covered with cultivated tobacco area, the fertilization depth is about 15 cm; or the stratified fertilization method, a small amount of fertilizer is applied shallowly, so that the root system is underdeveloped in the early stage of growth of the tobacco plant, and a large amount of fertilizer is applied deep to prevent movement loss. The tobacco plant is used in the long-term. The depth of fertilization of oriental tobacco is about 10 cm.
2. The number of fertilization in the humid flue-cured tobacco area with excessive rainfall in the south. Because the rainwater has a serious leaching of nutrients in the soil, it is generally necessary to use light base fertilizer, heavy application of top dressing, and appropriate use of a small amount of seedling fertilizer for transplanting. After 20 to 30 days, the fertilizer with a total fertilizer content of more than half will be planned, and the fertilizer will be concentrated. For the tobacco fields with poor soil fertility and insufficient fertility after topping, a small amount of topdressing may be applied, and at this time, the method of leaf surface supplementation is better. In order to ensure the normal opening and maturity of the upper leaves of the tobacco plant.
If the symptoms of potassium deficiency occur in the middle and late stages of tobacco, foliar application can be used to supplement the supply of potassium. In production, foliar application of 0.5% to 1.0% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution or 1% potassium sulfate aqueous solution is used to supplement the lack of potassium in the middle and late stages of tobacco plants, or spray special tobacco leaves with high potassium content. Fertilizer, sprayed on both sides of the blade on the sunny side of the best effect, sprayed after the rain to sunny after the spray.
Depending on the severity of potassium deficiency symptoms of tobacco plants, they should be sprayed once every 5 to 7 days, and the upper leaves should be stopped near maturity. The tobacco field covered by the mulching method can effectively prevent the loss of fertilizer. Considering that the film topdressing is not easy to operate, it can also concentrate the primary fertilizer once, or leave only a small amount as the seedling fertilizer, and use the remaining fertilizer as the base fertilizer once.
Most of the northern tobacco areas are in areas where rainfall is relatively concentrated, and the distribution is uneven. The nutrient leaching in soil and fertilizer is lighter. Therefore, most tobacco areas in the north should be re-applied in the fertilization of tobacco fields. On the basis of this, in order to ensure the supply of nitrogen nutrients in the middle and late stages of tobacco plants, a combination of base fertilizer and topdressing can be used.
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